2013년 11월 29일 금요일

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Recently,               President               Bush               has               attempted               to               implement               new               immigration               policy.

His               majority               party,               has               objected               to               his               call               for               a               temporary               guest-worker               program,               insisting               that               the               shutdown               of               illegal               immigrants               from               Mexico               should               be               completed               instead.

However,               this               has               come               with               great               opposition               and               criticism.

One               example               of               an               influential               event               involving               this               issue               is               in               the               court               case,               Mohawk               Industries               v.

Williams.

Lawyers               from               the               US               Department               of               Justice               and               a               group               of               Georgia               workers               have               filed               a               suit               with               the               US               Supreme               Court               to               allow               Mohawk               Industries,               a               floor               covering               manufacturer               to               be               sued               under               the               Racketeer               Influenced               and               Corrupt               Organizations               Act               of               1970               (RICO)               for               allegedly               hiring               illegal               workers.

The               lawsuit               was               filed               alleging               that               Mohawk               has               known               of               their               employment               and               harboring               of               illegal               workers.

They               have               helped               to               reduce               Mohawk's               labor               costs               with               low               hourly               wages               and               by               discouraging               worker's-compensation               claims.
               This               act,               a               U.S.

federal               law,               provides               for               extended               penalties               for               criminal               acts               as               part               of               a               continuous               criminal               organization.

Under               this               act,               a               person               or               group               who               commits               any               two               of               35               crimes               (27               federal               and               8               state)               -               within               a               10               year               period,               can               be               charged               with               racketeering.

Those               charged               with               this               crime               can               be               fined               up               to               $25,000               and/or               sentenced               to               20               years               in               prison.

Those               convicted               must               also               forfeit               all               gains               and               interests               in               any               business-related               activity               because               of               this               crime.
               Congress               debated               the               passage               of               the               RICO               Act,               or               a               similar               statute,               for               years               -               if               not               decades,               but               specifically               in               1970,               enforcement               begun.

Racketeering               activity               defines               an               act               or               threat               involving               gambling,               murder,               kidnaping,               arson,               robbery,               bribery               and               extortion.
               The               case's               largest               argument               lies               with               the               idea               of               which               corporations               qualify               as               "enterprises"               within               the               Racketeer               Influenced               and               Corrupt               Organizations               Act               (RICO).

This               act               states               that               there               is               strong               criminal               and               civil               liability               on               persons               involved               with               a               racketeering               activity               directly               connected               with               an               enterprise.

Enterprise               is               defined               to               include               any               individual,               partnership,               corporation,               association,               or               any               other               legal               entity.
               The               largest               question               as               mentioned               in               Eric               Tuttle's               "Today's               Argument               in               Mohawk               Industries,               Inc.

V.

Williams,"               is               whether               a               corporation               acting               in               concert               with               outside               recruiters               and               staffing               agencies               to               hire               illegal               aliens               can               constitute               an               "enterprise-in-fact,"               such               that               the               corporation               can               be               sued               as               a               distinct               member               of               the               enterprise.

The               courts               believe               that               Mohawk               is               subject               to               lawsuit               under               RICO.

However,               the               employees               who               state               that               the               company's               practices               have               lessen               their               wages               believe               that               Mohawk               is               attempting               to               rid               all               corporations               from               these               claims.
               Mohawk's               two               arguments               in               why               it               cannot               be               defined               as               an               enterprise               argue               the               plain               text               of               the               statute.

First               of               all,               they               argue               that               the               general               definition               of               enterprises               is               as               stated               in               the               statue,               but               also               includes               "a               group               of               individuals."               This               refers               to               natural               persons,               and               not               corporations.

The               limitation               involved               with               this               term               is               quite               significant               however.

Mohawk               believes               that               when               Congress               enacted               RICO               it               was               concerned               with               organize               crime               i.e.

mobster               crime               and               not               where               the               corporation               is               the               defendant               as               the               racketeer               using               an               enterprise.
               Most               aren't               buying               this,               however.

First               of               all,               critics               claim               there               are               three               arguments               involved.

First,               the               company               doesn't               have               a               good               argument               on               their               own.

Next,               the               definition               of               enterprise               included               any               individual               or               partnership               which               draws               a               conclusion               on               the               initial               meaning               of               the               use               of               the               term,               at               once               point,               they               use               "includes,"               while               in               another               "means."               Lastly,               every               court               for               decades               have               found               the               association-in-fact               to               include               corporations.

They               generally               will               be               hesitant               to               turn               down               precedent,               but               don't               always               feel               obligated               to               follow               those               decisions.
               Many               lower               courts               have               understood               RICO               in               a               more               broad               sense               than               an               anti-mob               legislation               piece.

They               also               have               believed               that               it               is               unbelievable               to               exclude               more               complicated               forms               of               enterprise.

Due               to               these               courts'               interpretation,               Congress               has               taken               this               understanding               and               amended               RICO               in               1996.
               Wording               within               the               statute               continues               to               be               an               issue.

Mohawk               argues               that               the               RICO               "person"               must               be               distinct               from               an               entire               "enterprise"               and               must               participate               in               the               activities               of               one.

This               is               in               fact               argued               because               of               lower               courts               decisions               that               neither               a               corporation               and               its               employees               nor               a               corporation               may               form               a               distinct               enterprise.

There               have               been               many               examples               in               which               corporate               defendants               as               members               of               a               larger               enterprise.
               However,               many               feel               that               the               lower               courts'               opinions               are               wrong               because               of               Cedric               Kushner               Promotions               v.

King,               a               case               where               a               sole               shareholder/officer/employee               is               distinct               to               be               the               "person"               as               noted               in               the               statue               and               is               directly               involved               in               the               said               "enterprise."               Many               believe               that               Mohawk's               standard               is               unworkable               -               saying               any               activity               is               essential               to               a               company's               business               operations               -               and               that               shouldn't               be               the               case.
               In               conclusion,               interpretation               of               law               has               become               an               increasingly               difficult               task               due               to               the               various               viewpoints               involved.

Within               a               company's               organization,               not               all               employees               are               directly               involved               with               the               decision-making               made               in               carrying               out               specifics               business               operations.

Thus,               not               every               employee               should               be               held               accountable               for               all               of               its               activities.

Most               importantly,               the               rhetoric               used               to               define               these               people               should               be               more               definite               and               clear,               so               to               avoid               this               argument               to               occur               again               in               future               cases.









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