2013년 12월 4일 수요일

About 'industry comparison financial ratios'|...Similarly, the cover price of the Financial Times is $2...collective consciousness of the retail industry. Two, buisinesses...never had a 1:1 time ratio, historically. It's a bit like...







About 'industry comparison financial ratios'|...Similarly, the cover price of the Financial Times is $2...collective consciousness of the retail industry. Two, buisinesses...never had a 1:1 time ratio, historically. It's a bit like...








A               big               difference               between               bonds               and               stocks               as               investments               are               that               bonds               are               considered               'bear'               investments               and               stocks               are               considered               'bullish'.

In               other               words,               when               the               stock               market               is               being               flailed               and               vulnerable               to               10-20%               swings,               more               cautious               investors               may               head               for               the               bond               market               in               which               returns               may               be               more               stable               and/or               fluctuate               less.

Some               investment               advisers               believe               it               is               sensible               to               diversify               investments               between               the               two               markets               via               portfolio               ratios               such               as               30:70,               or               40:60.

In               turn,               this               can               be               an               indicator               of               a               particular               firms               stance               on               the               market.

Bonds               and               Stocks               really               are               two               different               breeds               of               investment.

Bonds,               especially               the               Government               kind,               are               less               vulnerable               to               recessions               and               weak               market               conditions               because               their               value               is               tied               to               their               interest               rates.

The               value               of               stocks               however,               is               generally               not               coupled               to               interest               rates               per               se,               but               rather               share               price               via               economic               and               market               conditions.

While               a               change               in               the               Federal               reserve               funds               rate               may               influence               stock               prices,               these               changes               in               valuation               are               correlation               only               and               not               an               absolute               relationship               as               with               bonds.
               Risks               and               Rewards:
               There               are               risks               and               rewards               associated               with               both               bonds               and               stocks               because               of               principles               such               as               opportunity               cost               and               market               timing.

Time               value               of               money               is               also               a               factor               in               the               pricing               of               investments               because               present               values               of               an               investment               are               determined               in               part               by               the               future               flow               of               income               and/or               capital               gains               via               stock               dividends,               bond               interest               payments,               as               well               as               changing               industry               and/or               market               conditions.

As               these               things               change,               the               foreseeable               value               of               investments               can               rise               or               decline               because               of               better               investments               such               as               higher               yielding               bonds,               a               giant               new               contract               for               a               newly               financially               streamlined               company,               or               an               IPO               in               a               high               demand               industry.

Risks               and               rewards               associated               with               stocks               and               bonds               are               listed               below:
               *Financial               Stability:               In               the               case               of               bonds,               an               investor               can               generally               have               more               peace               of               mind               because               even               if               interest               rates               do               rise               causing               the               price               of               bonds               to               lower,               the               percentage               fluctuation               in               price               is               likely               to               not               be               as               great               as               can               occur               in               the               valuation               of               stocks.
               *Earnings               Potential:               The               earnings               potential               is               most               often               higher               in               the               stock               market               because               stock               prices               are               essentially               unlimited               in               how               much               they               can               rise.

For               example,               a               stock               price               can               rise               as               much               as               50%               over               the               course               of               a               few               months               under               certain               circumstances               whereas               the               chances               of               this               type               of               percentage               rise               affecting               a               bond               is               significantly               lower.
               *Opportunity               Cost:               If               one               has               bought               a               substantial               position               in               Bonds,               such               as               80%               of               one's               investment               portfolio               and               a               dramatic               improvement               in               economic               conditions               emerge,               the               return               on               stocks               could               prove               fantastic               in               comparison               to               bonds               making               the               opportunity               cost               higher               of               holding               the               bonds               higher.
               *Leveraging:               When               one               has               investments               in               Bonds               one               may               be               able               to               take               out               loans               against               those               Bonds               and               in               effect               leverage               a               new               position               into               another               financial               instrument.

In               other               words,               a               financial               institution               or               private               lender               may               view               paper               or               Government               bonds               held               outside               of               an               exchange               as               good               collateral               for               a               loan               which               can               be               used               to               make               further               investments.

With               stocks,               such               leveraging               may               not               be               as               likely               due               to               their               potential               volatility               and               nature               of               exchange.
               *Timing:               Since               the               primary               risks               involving               bonds               is               that               interest               rates               on               bonds               may               rise               after               bonds               have               been               purchased               and               vice               versa,               how               an               investor               uses               time               in               each               market               becomes               a               potential               risk               or               reward.

That               is               to               say,               if               an               investor               does               not               time               investments               well               by               entering               too               early,               or               exiting               too               late,               that               investor               faces               timing               related               risks               and               rewards.

In               the               former               case,               if               one               buys               bonds               with               an               interest               rate               of               3.5%               fixed               returns               and               the               rate               changes               to               4%               the               value               of               the               3.5%               bond               becomes               lower,               the               investor               has               in               essence               been               affected               by               timing               risk.

The               same               holds               true               for               stocks.

For               example,               if               an               investor               takes               a               position               in               a               company               that               is               very               financially               strong,               if               the               timing               is               wrong,               the               investor               may               still               lose.

This               is               especially               true               in               companies               that               benefit               from               seasonal               and               cyclical               trends.
               Deciding               What               to               Invest               In:
               Making               the               decision               to               invest               in               stocks               and               bonds               does               not               have               to               be               daunting.

It               is               for               all               intents               and               purposes               impossible               to               predict               all               financial               conditions,               price               movements               and               economic               conditions.

While               forecasting,               technical               analysis               and               fundamental               analysis               of               financial               information               can               assist               with               predicting               investment               outcomes,               eventually               an               investor               either               decides               to               invest,               not               invest               or               think               some               more.
               When               choosing               stocks               and/or               bonds               one               may               consider               the               above               information               in               determining               how               much               of               each               investment               would               be               prudent               given               current               financial               trends               and               data.

Conditions               in               the               stock               market               can               affect               conditions               in               the               bond               market               and               vice               versa.

Bonds               often               serve               as               a               hedge               against               stocks,               and               stocks               assist               in               capitalizing               on               market               conditions.

By               investing               in               both,               one               can               potentially               benefit               from               the               best               of               both               financial               markets.






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    2013년 12월 3일 화요일

    About 'debt to assets formula'|How to Reach $1 Million







    About 'debt to assets formula'|How to Reach $1 Million








    When               you               are               starting               a               home               search,               the               first               subject               you               must               become               familiar               with               is               how               to               finance               your               purchase.

    Some               people               go               straight               to               their               local               bank               when               seeking               a               home               loan,               some               go               to               a               mortgage               broker               who               will               be               able               to               give               them               many               different               options               as               far               as               the               type               of               loan               they               qualify               for               (at               a               fee               of               course).

    In               this               author's               opinion,               the               best               way               to               go               is               with               a               lender               or               broker               who               was               referred               to               you               by               someone               you               trust.

    When               you               decide               on               someone,               the               next               step               is               to               find               out               if               you               really               qualify.

    Credit               Score,               Income,               and               Debt
                   The               first               question               a               mortgage               lender               will               want               to               know               is               "what               is               your               credit               score?"               (Tip:               Most               first               time               home               buyers               don't               realize               that               they               do               not               have               to               give               every               possible               lender               their               social               security               number               to               get               an               estimate               of               their               rates.

    If               you               know               your               credit               score,               you               can               just               tell               them               what               it               is               and               let               them               give               you               the               rates               they               have,               then               you               can               come               back               and               give               them               your               social               to               process               the               loan.)               One               of               the               biggest               factors               in               financing               a               mortgage               transaction               is               your               credit               score.

    Most               lenders               will               not               even               look               further               into               an               application               with               a               credit               score               lower               than               580,               while               others               will               try               to               take               advantage               of               bad               credit               customers               with               high               priced               products.

    Generally,               customers               with               credit               scores               over               700               will               have               an               easier               time               getting               a               fair               mortgage               loan.

    If               your               credit               score               is               less               than               desirable,               you               may               want               to               reconsider               your               decision               to               purchase               a               home               at               this               time.
                   Other               factors               lenders               use               to               determine               whether               you               are               qualified               for               a               loan               are               your               income               and               debt               load.
                   How               Much               Home               Can               I               Afford?
                   So               one               of               your               first               questions               to               tackle               is               "how               much               home               can               I               afford?"               The               general               rule               is               that               your               total               monthly               home               costs               should               be               no               more               than               28%               of               your               gross               monthly               income.

    Monthly               home               costs               include               mortgage               payment,               taxes,               insurance               and               any               home               repairs               and               upkeep.

    (Tip:               You               can               find               many               mortgage               payment               calculators               by               doing               a               simple               Internet               search.

    Run               some               sample               home               prices               through               a               mortgage               calculator               to               figure               out               what               your               monthly               mortgage               would               be               at               a               common               interest               rate               (around               7%)               to               decide               how               much               home               you               really               can               afford.)               You               also               need               to               find               local               information               about               your               tax               and               insurance               rates.
                   Another               important               formula               that               most               lenders               will               consider               is               your               debt-to-income               ratio.

    You               generally               do               not               want               your               total               monthly               debt               to               exceed               36%               of               your               gross               monthly               income,               or               you               may               be               in               a               trouble               zone               as               far               as               trying               to               get               your               home               purchase               financed               at               a               reasonable               rate.
                   Down               Payment
                   In               the               previous               market,               down               payments               were               not               always               necessary.

    Mortgage               brokers               had               many               products               that               provided               100%               financed               loans               to               cover               the               entire               loan.

    Nowadays,               these               types               of               loans               are               a               thing               of               the               past.

    You               need               a               down               payment               of               at               least               10%               of               the               purchase               price               of               the               home               to               receive               financing,               along               with               the               closing               costs               which               can               be               as               high               as               $5,000.

    (Tip:               Most               sellers               will               provide               what               is               called               a               "seller's               assist,"               which               is               a               percentage               of               the               home               purchase               price,               usually               about               3%               that               will               be               put               forth               to               help               the               buyer               pay               his               or               her               closing               costs.

    This               "seller's               assistance"               is               applied               at               the               closing               table.)
                   What               Kind               of               Mortgage               Product               is               Best               for               My               Situation?
                   Once               it               is               determined               that               your               credit               score,               income,               home               price,               and               debt               load               is               appropriate               for               your               situation,               you               then               have               to               make               the               decision               with               your               lender               on               what               kind               of               mortgage               you               will               take               --               a               fixed               loan,               adjustable               rate               mortgage               (ARM),               The               30               year               fixed               loan               is               the               most               common               and               preferred--basically               you               will               make               a               fixed               payment               every               month               for               the               next               360               months               at               a               set               rate.

    Some               people               vie               for               a               10,               15,               or               20               year               fixed               loan               at               a               higher               monthly               payment,               the               benefit               being               that               you               will               be               finished               paying               for               your               house               in               much               less               time               compared               to               a               30               year               fixed,               and               save               thousands               in               interest.

    (Tip:               Most               people               also               make               biweekly--instead               of               monthly--payments               on               their               30               year               fixed               mortgages               which               allows               them               to               pay               off               their               loan               quicker               and               with               much               less               interest               cost.)
                   The               verdict               is               still               out               on               adjustable               rate               mortgages.

    Some               say               it               is               a               useful               tool               for               prospective               home               owners               who               are               looking               to               save               some               money,               and               some               say               it               is               a               death               trap               for               inexperienced               home               owners               who               know               nothing               about               the               way               the               economy               moves.

    With               adjustable               rate               mortgages               you               will               pay               a               fixed               rate               over               a               certain               number               of               years--namely               three               or               five               years--and               then               your               rate               will               begin               adjusting               based               on               a               formula               set               by               the               lender.

    In               some               cases               after               the               three               or               five               years               is               up,               the               rates               and               resulting               payment               can               almost               double               (depending               on               the               lender               terms).

    Most               lenders               will               recommend               an               adjustable               rate               only               to               people               who               only               plan               to               live               in               their               house               for               three               years               or               less               and               want               a               low               monthly               payment.

    That               way               when               they               move               and               sell               their               house,               they               will               have               never               been               affected               by               an               increasing               rate.

    They               also               have               the               opportunity               to               refinance               after               the               ARM's               fixed               time               period               is               up,               but               refinancing               can               be               difficult,               impossible,               and/or               expensive               for               a               homeowner               in               this               situation.

    The               proliferation               of               ARM's               in               the               current               American               real               estate               market               has               played               an               important               role               in               the               increase               in               home               foreclosures.
                   One               type               of               mortgage               that               most               financial               professionals               agree               you               should               avoid               is               any               loan               that               includes               a               balloon               payment.

    With               this               type               of               loan,               you               will               pay               a               lower               monthly               payment               over               time,               but               then               end               up               having               to               pay               a               large               payment               at               the               end               of               your               loan               that               you               most               likely               will               not               be               able               to               afford.

    Also,               unless               you               are               a               real               estate               investor,               you               should               avoid               interest               only               loans.

    With               an               interest               only               loan               you               will               pay               a               lower               monthly               payment               over               a               certain               number               of               years,               but               all               of               the               money               paid               will               go               straight               to               the               lender's               pocket--none               will               go               toward               paying               off               the               principal,               which               is               the               actual               bill               for               your               house.

    The               more               principal               you               pay,               the               more               equity               you               gain               in               your               house.

    The               interest               only               loan               is               only               ideal               for               real               estate               investors               because               they               usually               don't               plan               on               holding               onto               the               house               for               very               long.
                   Stated               income               and               stated               assets               loans               are               available               to               people               who               are               self-employed               and               have               good               credit.

    With               these               products               you               do               not               have               to               prove               or               verify               income               or               assets,               and               the               lender               is               only               considering               your               payment               and               credit               history.

    The               negative               side               of               a               stated               income               or               asset               loan               is               a               slightly               higher               interest               rate               which               could               cost               you               thousands               over               time.
                   Do               Your               Research
                   Use               the               Internet               for               all               it's               worth.

    Search,               research,               and               search               again               to               gather               as               much               information               as               possible               before               making               a               final               decision               on               your               real               estate               financing.

    Information               is               power,               and               ignorance               is               costly.

    With               the               proper               research,               questions,               and               parties               involved               in               your               transaction,               financing               your               home               can               be               a               breeze.






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    About 'formula for debt service coverage ratio'|Political Digest for November 24, 2010







    About 'formula for debt service coverage ratio'|Political Digest for November 24, 2010








    Similar               to               other               articles               published               to               my               profile,               this               article               is               based               on               application               of               class               materials               to               a               research               paper               developed               for               a               college               course.

    Specifically,               this               paper               is               written               based               on               the               fictitious               organization               of               Lawrence               Sports,               from               the               University               of               Phoenix               and               applies               the               concepts               including               working               capital               policy.

    The               following               information               includes               industry               best               practices,               ethical               implications,               evaluation               of               research,               and               even               expected               relationships.

    Lawrence               Sports               Working               Capital               Policy               Paper
                   Lawrence               Sports               manufactures               sports               gear,               "protective               gear               for               baseball,               football,               basketball,               and               volleyball."               (Working               Capital               Management,               n.d.).

    "A               $20               million               revenue               company,"               distribution               of               the               Lawrence               Sports               gear               is               done               through               Mayo,               who               is               the               "world's               leading               retailer."               (Working               Capital               Management,               n.d.).

    Due               to               the               strong               relationship               between               Mayo               and               Lawrence,               their               respective               success               is               dependent               on               each               other               in               a               strong               way;               however,               the               impact               on               working               capital               available               to               Lawrence               Sports               also               directly               influences               their               suppliers               -               Gartner               Products               and               Murray               Leather               Works.

    Changes               in               how               accounts               receivable               are               collected               and               how               accounts               payable               are               paid,               can               greatly               affect               how               a               company               is               able               to               succeed               in               managing               working               capital               and               budgeting.

    While               every               company               strives               to               be               in               a               position               where               emergencies               -               or               unexpected               changes               -               do               not               drastically               influence               the               company,               this               is               not               always               the               case.

    Lawrence               Sports               is               unprepared               for               changes               in               how               Mayo               pays               for               products               and               the               resulting               financial               situation               can               cause               their               business               to               collapse               or               reduce               the               strong               relationships               the               company               has               with               suppliers               and               Mayo.

    A               solid               working               capital               policy               will               enable               the               company               to               develop               finances               in               a               successful               way,               which               reduces               redefining               policy               during               times               of               short-term,               unexpected,               hardship.
                   To               successfully               manage               the               current               issues               affecting               Lawrence               Sports               it               is               important               to               analyze               the               working               capital,               understand               cash               budgeting,               review               best               practices               in               working               capital,               evaluate               risks               and               opportunities,               and               determine               the               ethical               implications               of               competing               working               capital               alternatives.

    Development               of               a               successful               Working               Capital               Policy               for               Lawrence               Sports'               includes:
                   1.

    Understanding               of               the               different               financial               terms               and               metrics.
                   2.

    Reviewing               "[c]redit               balance               requirements               including               cash               reserves               needed               for               long               term               opportunities               that               may               arise."               (Lawrence               Sports'...,               n.d.)
                   3.

    Developing               a               "[c]redit               policy               that               balances               Lawrence               Sports               desire               to               minimize               accounts               receivable               and               maximize               revenue."               (Lawrence               Sports'...,               n.d.)
                   4.

    Creating               a               "[s]upplier               negotiation               strategy               for               terms               of               payment               that               balances               the               costs               to               Lawrence               Sports               and               their               cash               requirements."               (Lawrence               Sports'...,               n.d.)
                   5.

    Negotiating               a               "[s]hort               term               financing               strategy               to               ensure               availability               of               an               adequate               line               of               credit               while               minimizing               the               cost               of               that               credit."               (Lawrence               Sports'...,               n.d.)
                   6.

    Developing               quality               '[m]etrics               that               will               be               used               to               monitor               performance               against               the               policy."               (Lawrence               Sports'...,               n.d.)
                   Working               Capital               Policy
                   Working               capital               must               be               carefully               managed               to               maintain               a               balance               between               possible               income               from               cash               (such               as               interest               gained)               and               liquidity               of               assets.

    Lawrence               Sports               relies               upon               bank               loans               to               maintain               balances               in               the               working               capital;               however,               use               of               this               credit               line               also               incurs               additional               costs.

    In               order               to               become               successful               with               the               benefits               of               working               capital,               it               would               be               essential               for               Lawrence               Sports               to               develop               investments               which               are               both               able               to               be               liquidity               quickly               if               need               should               arise,               and               are               also               able               to               bring               in               additional               profit               when               there               is               no               need               for               the               cash.

    One               method               to               consider               would               be               investment               into               a               high               yielding               savings               account.

    However,               before               investment               begins               it               is               essential               to               have               a               Working               Capital               Policy               in               effect               that               demonstrates               the               need               and               desired               growth               of               the               company.
                   Working               capital               policies               include               Current               Asset               Investment               Policy               -               "policies               regarding               the               appropriate               level               of               current               assets,"               and               Current               Asset               Financing               Policy               -               "policies               regarding               the               use               of               short-term               financing"               (Rensselaer,               n.d.,               para.

    1).

    Some               examples               of               these               policies               include               relaxed,               restricted,               and               moderate               Current               Asset               Investment               Policies               or               moderate,               aggressive,               and               conservative               Current               Asset               Financing               Policies               (Rensselaer,               n.d.).

    Respectively,               these               policies               demonstrate               a               firm's               strategies               in               regards               to               investments               or               holdings,               as               well               as               current               asset               financing,               short-term,               or               long-term.

    As               both               of               these               types               of               policies               make               up               working               capital               policies,               it               is               imperative               that               the               two               types               of               policies               are               combined               to               maximize               firm               wealth               and               successful               company               growth.

    In               reviewing               cash               balance               requirements               for               Lawrence               Sports'               it               is               imperative               to               include               cash               reserves               needed               for               long               term               opportunities;               however,               at               this               time               there               are               no               policies               in               place               which               do               this               for               this               company.

    One               major               impact               on               cash               is               the               cash               conversion               cycle.
                   The               firm's               cash               conversion               cycle               is               defined               as               "time               lapse               between               purchase               and               income:               the               average               period               of               time               between               the               purchase               of               inventory               and               the               receipt               of               cash               from               accounts               payable."               (Encarta,               2008).

    The               cash               conversion               cycle               is               an               essential               factor/ratio               in               evaluating               how               well               the               "company               is               managing               its               working               capital."               (Schein,               2004,               para.

    3).

    This               ratio               is               defined               as               CCC               =               IOD               +               ARO               -               APO,               which               is               "Inventory               in               days               (IOD)",               "Accounts               Receivable               outstanding               in               days               (ARO)",               and               "Accounts               Payable               outstanding               in               days"               (Schein,               2004,               para.

    3).

    However,               this               formula               can               also               be               described               as               CCC               =               DIO               +               DSO               -               DPO,               where               DIO               is               the               days               of               inventory               outstanding,               DSO               =               days               of               sales               outstanding,               and               DPO               which               is               the               days               of               payables               outstanding               (Brealey,               Myers,               and               Allen,               2005).
                   This               ratio               can               help               to               determine               where               money               should               be               applied               and               how               payments               should               be               received               or               paid               out               (on               accounts).

    To               maintain               working               capital               -               which               is               used               to               cover               expenses               -               Lawrence               Sports               has               a               line               of               credit               with               the               bank;               however,               the               line               of               credit               comes               with               an               increasing               interest               rate,               which               decreases               the               appeal               of               using               the               line               of               credit.

    Cash               conversion               cycles               and               the               cost               of               goods               are               effected               by               the               accounts               payable.

    For               instance,               Lawrence               Sports               suffered               heavy               hits               to               the               working               capital               due               to               the               primary               buyer               having               their               own               problems               with               making               payment.

    Collection               policy               enables               companies               to               predetermine               how               they               will               handle               a               company               or               client               who               falls               behind               in               their               payments;               however,               sometimes               it               is               difficult               to               force               a               company               to               pay               money               if               their               company               is               at               risk               of               financial               issues,               which               could               cause               a               closing.

    Additionally,               companies               protect               themselves               from               decreases               in               accounts               payable               by               creating               terms               of               sale               that               strictly               control               how               payments               will               be               made               in               purchases.
                   One               way               to               prepare               for               unexpected               changes               in               collection               of               accounts               receivable               is               the               development               of               working               capital.

    Investorwords.com               defines               working               capital               as               "Current               assets               minus               current               liabilities...measures               how               much               in               liquid               assets               a               company               has               available               to               build               its               business."               (n.d.)               The               National               Bank               of               Canada               refers               to               short               term               financing               as               "ideal               for               financing               inventory,               working               capital,               and               accounts               receivable."               (Financing               Solutions,               2001,               para.

    1).

    The               interaction               between               these               two               items               -               working               capital               and               short-term               financing               is               that               the               financing               is               often               used               to               provide               the               working               capital.

    Additionally,               working               capital               is               necessary               for               taking               on               new               projects               and               effective               in               demonstrating               company               stability               and               effective               money               management               when               seeking               out               long               term               financing               options.

    Lawrence               Sports               uses               working               capital               to               pay               operating               costs               and               vendors;               however,               their               working               capital               is               subsidized               by               a               credit               line.

    In               order               for               Lawrence               Sports               to               maintain               a               successful               degree               of               working               capital,               they               have               to               maintain               payments               from               Mayo,               at               all               costs;               and               try               to               reduce               payments               to               vendors               if               capital               decreases.

    In               situations               where               this               is               not               possible,               it               is               important               to               have               other               forms               of               cash               available               by               liquidation               and               careful               cash               budgeting               policies               and               systems.
                   Cash               budgeting               is               essential               to               successful               financial               management               because               it               is               the               primary               tool               for               short               term               financial               planning               and               enables               successful               forecasting.

    Everyone               uses               cash               budgeting;               however,               how               successful               the               budgeting               is               depends               on               tracking               cash               inflow               -               sales               and               other               revenue               -               and               cash               outflow               -               accounts               payable,               labor/operating               expenses,               capital               expenditures,               taxes,               interest               and               dividend               payments               (Brealey,               Myers,               &               Allen,               2005).
                   Lawrence               Sports'               purchased               raw               materials               from               companies               on               a               credit               policy               that               enabled               the               products               to               be               ordered               and               paid               for               at               a               later               date.

    This               enabled               the               company               to               continue               to               get               raw               materials               when               working               capital               became               short;               however,               it               also               enabled               the               company               to               continue               to               build               up               debt.

    For               instance,               Lawrence               Sports'               debt               to               the               bank               increased               each               time               the               working               capital               did               not               reach               the               50               it               needed.

    In               order               to               better               examine               how               the               credit               policy               should               be               handled               in               the               future,               it               would               be               applicable               to               examine               other               methods               of               short-term               financing.
                   Development               of               a               credit               policy               that               balances               Lawrence               Sports               desire               to               minimize               accounts               receivable               and               maximize               revenue               is               currently               an               aggressive               Current               Asset               Financing               Policy,               which               uses               short-term               debt               from               a               line               of               credit               with               the               bank.

    (Rensselaer,               n.d.).

    While               their               short-term               debt               is               funded               by               a               line               of               credit,               it               is               not               sufficient               in               times               where               no               revenue               is               accrued               and               their               line               of               credit               with               suppliers               is               then               put               in               jeopardy.

    Review               of               these               current               policies               suggests               that               Lawrence               Sports'               would               be               more               successful               with               a               conservative               approach               with               the               Current               Asset               Financing               policy               as               this               develops               marketable               securities               and               long-term               debt               while               reducing               short-term               debt               typically               relied               upon               during               "seasonal               fluctuations"               and               provides               for               "a               low               risk               approach               with               low               return               potential."               (Rensselaer,               n.d.,               para.

    9).

    While               low               return               may               seem               unappealing,               it               does               ultimately               reduce               increased               costs               of               short-term               financing               such               as               interest               rates.
                   Cash               management               enables               a               company               to               develop               money               for               future               projects               and               expenses.

    While               most               companies               prefer               not               to               have               large               amounts               of               cash               "laying               about"               it               is               also               important               that               the               cash               can               be               used               should               the               need               arise.

    Many               companies               develop               cash               in               ways,               which               will               produce               more               cash               while               awaiting               the               need               for               it.

    Marketable               securities               are               an               example               of               management               of               cash               in               ways               where               the               cash               can               be               used               to               provide               an               additional               source               of               income               while               still               being               available               in               relatively               short-term               notice.
                   Best               practices               in               working               capital               management               can               vary               between               industries.

    Some               industries               rely               heavily               on               large               amounts               of               working               capital               in               order               to               fund               rapidly               changing               technology               needs;               however,               other               companies               rely               more               heavily               on               lines               of               credit               rather               than               large               amounts               of               working               capital.

    For               instance,               the               media               industry               has               varying               needs               for               working               capital               and               often               relies               on               projects               being               properly               formulated               in               order               to               acquire               funding               for               movies               or               larger               projects               including               completion               bonds;               however,               smaller               projects               such               as               ads               and               commercials               may               be               funded               directly               from               working               capital.

    When               larger               projects               run               over               budget,               the               funding               may               come               from               the               investors,               distributors,               or               additional               bank               loans,               based               on               the               predicted               success               of               the               project/movie.

    Additionally,               many               media               companies               run               a               line               of               credit               with               banks               to               assist               in               emergency               funding               of               projects               that               may               run               over               budget               will               be               paid               at               the               completion               of               the               project.

    Lawrence               Sports'               operates               based               on               seasonal               changes               and               is               reliant               on               the               changes               in               both               suppliers               and               distributors.

    While               business               may               fluctuate               in               some               directions               based               simply               on               buying               seasons,               companies               such               as               Lawrence               Sports'               can               develop               financial               situations               based               solely               on               the               reliability               of               their               sources               of               revenue               as               well               as               the               credit               issued               to               those               sources.
                   Successful               management               of               supplier               negotiation               strategies               in               terms               of               payment               of               balances               and               costs               are               reliant               on               cash               requirements               and               the               ability               for               those               to               be               meet               by               working               capital               in               Lawrence               Sports.

    Inventory               management,               credit               management,               cash,               and               marketable               securities               make               up               working               capital               metrics,               which               are               essential               for               developing               quality               and               effective               financial               management               of               a               company;               because               these               metrics               enable               careful               study               of               what,               is               occurring               and               what               must               occur               to               be               successful.

    Of               course,               the               success               of               supplier               negotiations               actually               begins               with               careful               Inventory               Management               practices.
                   Inventory               management               is               literally               the               management               of               inventory               -               from               raw               goods               through               finished               product.

    The               management               of               inventory               can               be               complicated               due               to               the               storage               of               the               goods,               access               of               product,               and               maintaining               levels               of               production,               which               may               reduce               the               cost               of               inventory               to               the               company;               such               as               is               often               developed               in               JIT               (Just               in               Time)               operations.

    Most               companies               benefit               from               implementing               JIT               operations               strategies               into               their               company,               and               while               this               will               probably               work               great               in               Lawrence               Sports,               and               should               be               included               in               the               overall               business               plans               for               growth,               it               would               not               currently               address               the               issues               of               cash               management.

    However,               credit               management               would               be               very               beneficial               and               addresses               the               issues               of               accounts               payable               by               addressing               the               issues               of               accounts               receivable.
                   Evaluation               Metrics
                   Successful               metrics               enable               a               firm               or               company               to               carefully               evaluate               the               use               of               cash,               credit,               short-term               and               long-term               financing.

    Methods               should               include               a               variety               of               information,               which               would               include               asymmetric,               geometric,               and               pecking               order               methods,               which               analyze               the               information               from               previous               months               and               can               be               used               to               forecast               upcoming               changes               in               future               months.

    Additionally,               a               primary               metric               to               evaluate               would               be               the               impact               on               inventory               and               cash               budgeting               practices               for               Lawrence               Sports.

    If               long-term               development               increases               availability               of               working               capital               the               changes               should               be               viewed               nearly               immediately;               however,               the               changes               to               debt               management               and               inventory               control               may               take               longer               to               evaluate               or               to               see               large               changes               in.

    Understanding               how               other               companies               manage               their               working               capital               or               financial               needs               is               essential               to               success.
                   Industry               Best               Practices
                   Dobson               Communications,               aka               Cellular               One,               was               a               rural               cell               phone               service               provider               who               was               acquired               by               AT&T               for               $2.8               billion               in               2007,               due               to               their               success               in               rural               markets               (Silva,               2007).

    Dobson               Communications               faced               many               challenges               over               the               years               through               technology               changes,               acquisitions               of               other               companies,               roaming               agreements,               and               manufacturer               agreements.

    Not               all               companies               were               able               to               stand               up               to               industry               changes,               including               SunCom               Wireless               Holdings               Inc.

    and               Centennial               Communications               Corp.

    SunCom               faced               challenges               due               to               problems               with               accounts               which               did               not               pay               and               were               reported               as               "attracting               lower               quality               subscribers               due               to               lower               credit               standards",               when               unable               to               collect               on               accounts               outstanding,               companies               are               faced               with               revenue               and               working               capital               decreases               (Meyer,               2005,               para.

    8).

    Centennial               reported               that               they               were               answering               financial               problems               by               "evaluating               a               range               of               possible               strategic               and               financial               alternatives"               which               would               address               problems               with               operation               costs               after               realizing               a               continued               15%               decrease               in               customer               growth               (Meyer,               2005,               para.

    2).

    Some               of               the               changes               included               the               TDMA               to               GSM               conversion               that               was               taking               place               in               frequency               to               correspond               with               the               FCC               eliminating               the               band               to               embrace               the               newer,               better,               technologies               that               are               forthcoming               to               the               industry.

    Dobson               Communications               was               able               to               overcome               much               of               its               competitors'               disadvantages               by               continuing               to               grow               in               the               rural               markets               as               well               as               acquiring               the               brand               name               Cellular               One               from               Alltell               Corp.

    (Meyer,               2005).

    Continued               growth               in               customers,               along               with               competitive               and               productive               roaming               agreements               with               T-Mobile               and               Cingular               (now               AT&T)               enabled               the               company               to               stay               competitive               by               offering               cheaper               packages               and               better               nationwide               coverage.
                   Lawrence               Sports               can               use               examples               from               the               wireless               industry               to               evaluate               how               they               distribute               their               products               as               well               as               how               they               interact               with               their               suppliers.

    In               some               situations,               it               is               imperative               to               diversify               distributors,               even               more               so               than               suppliers.

    Mayo               does               not               only               sell               Lawrence               Sports               products;               therefore,               the               financial               difficulties               of               Lawrence               Sports               do               not               affect               their               company               in               the               same               way               as               the               financial               difficulties               of               Mayo               impact               Lawrence               Sports.

    Additionally,               AT&T               tends               to               be               aggressive               with               working               capital               needs               and               discriminatory               with               credit.

    While               this               may               seem               unappealing               to               many               companies               who               deal               with               individuals,               it               enables               AT&T               to               acquire               quality               customers               who               are               more               likely               to               fulfill               debt               requirements               and               less               likely               to               be               sent               to               collections.
                   While               not               all               companies               deal               with               individuals,               they               all               use               credit               in               one               or               more               aspects               of               the               company               -               just               as               Lawrence               Sports'               does.

    Careful               consideration               of               a               companies'               financial               standing               allows               Lawrence               Sports'               to               evaluate               who               they               give               credit               too               and               an               aggressive               collection               policy               would               enable               the               company               to               avoid               future               issues               with               accounts               receivables               negatively               impacting               accounts               payable.

    Credit               management               is               essential               to               the               success               of               accounts               payable               and               receivable               as               well               as               how               well               a               company               can               acquire               additional               funds.

    Companies               operate               on               credit               when               selling               and               buying;               therefore,               careful               management               on               who               receives               credit               and               whom               credit               is               opened               with               will               determine               how               successful               a               company               is               in               collecting               receivables               and               how               successful               a               company               will               be               in               acquiring               best               rates               for               their               own               credit.
                   Diversity               to               increase               financial               stability
                   Kraft               has               always               endeavored               to               add               quality               food               products               to               their               line-up               to               increase               value               to               shareholders.

    However,               increased               diversity               also               increased               financial               instability               due               to               increased               costs               to               Kraft.

    Started               in               1903               as               a               cheese               company,               Kraft               became               part               of               a               larger               line-up               owned               by               Philip               Morris               Co.

    and               in               1990               Kraft               merged               with               General               Foods,               in               2000               with               Nabisco,               and               as               of               April               2nd               ,               20007,               became               an               independent               company               separated               from               Altria               (Philip               Morris)(About               Kraft,               n.d.).

    While               Altria               was               the               parent               company,               Kraft               countered               "slow               internal               growth"               with               acquisitions               to               increase               market               share               with               increased               product               lines               (Arndt,               2007,               para.

    8).

    In               an               effort               to               increase               shareholder               value,               Kraft               determined               that               inner               strategies               would               need               to               be               developed               which               would               not               include               acquisitions               as               a               primary               source               of               company               growth.

    The               new               process               included               a               cash               analysis               on               the               productivity               of               the               different               branded               products               carried               by               Kraft.
                   Recently               Kraft               has               announced               the               sale               of               their               cereal               brand,               Post,               to               Ralcorp               Holdings               Inc.

    (Stainburn,               2008).

    This               sale               is               a               good               match               because               Ralcorp               is               currently               selling               "35               knockoff               cereals"               and               will               now               be               able               to               sell               the               popular               Post               brands,               which               will               increase               market               share               and               competitive               value               against               companies               such               as               General               Mills               and               Kellogg               Co.

    (Stainburn,               2008,               para.

    2).

    Sale               of               Post               has               predicted               value               of               32%               revenue               for               Ralcorp,               which               still               enables               Kraft               shareholders               to               increase               value               because               it               "will               own               54%               of               the               new               Ralcorp"               (Stainburn,               2008,               para.

    6).

    These               changes               enabled               Kraft               to               restructure               working               capital               and               add               the               Post               brands               to               income               as               the               stock               in               Ralcorp               produces               income.
                   Lawrence               Sports               does               not               need               to               reduce               diversity               in               product               and               brand               availability;               rather,               they               would               benefit               from               performing               a               cash               analysis               to               determine               how               money               can               be               more               effectively               managed               to               accomplish               successful               working               capital               management.

    Many               companies               fail               to               properly               organize               working               capital               and               develop               effective               financial               planning;               therefore,               they               often               operate               in               the               "red"               or               are               not               prepared               for               unexpected               changes.

    Additionally,               companies               who               fail               to               meet               working               capital               requirements               may               increase               their               likelihood               for               employees               to               engage               in               unethical               behaviors,               or               for               the               company               to               be               placed               in               a               situation               where               their               treatment               of               other               companies               or               clients               could               be               unethical.
                   Ethical               Implications
                   Stakeholders               have               varying               needs               and               ethical               dilemmas.

    An               organization               needs               to               be               able               to               create               shareholder               value,               but               in               order               to               be               successful               in               the               future;               the               company               has               to               be               able               to               create               value               to               all               stakeholders.

    Stakeholders               have               power               of               a               firm               in               varying               ways.

    Employees               are               strong               stakeholders,               if               employees               are               unhappy               with               a               firm,               they               can               bring               work               to               a               halt.

    The               government               is               another               stakeholder,               which               a               company               must               strive               to               maintain               peace               with.

    Laws               require               a               clear               communication               with               the               governments               that               can               impact               the               business               atmosphere.

    There               are               often               many               different               stakeholders               -               shareholders,               consumers,               employees,               and               government               -               are               the               basic               stakeholders               that               nearly               every               business               answers               to.
                   Shareholders               and               stockholders               have               a               right               to               increased               value               in               their               share               of               the               company.

    Decreases               in               working               capital               or               increases               in               financial               debt               increases               risks               to               shareholders               that               the               company               will               go               bankrupt.

    In               the               case               with               Microsoft               and               Yahoo,               shareholders               may               be               currently               unhappy               with               Yahoo               because               the               interest               for               purchase               by               Microsoft               had               increased               the               value               of               their               stocks,               and               recently               their               stock               is               decreasing               in               value               after               Microsoft               removed               their               offer               (Paradis,               2008).

    Many               shareholders               had               viewed               the               possible               purchase               by               Microsoft               as               a               way               to               increase               the               value               of               Yahoo,               as               years               of               competition               seemed               to               be               taking               a               negative               toll               on               the               company.
                   Governments               have               a               right               to               maintain               peace               between               consumers               and               corporations.

    Governments               regulate               organizations               to               maintain               fair               play               in               markets,               as               well               as               monitor               the               interactions               with               consumers               to               ensure               they               are               also               fair               and               competitive.

    One               example               is               the               approval               for               communications               companies               to               merge               by               the               FCC               and               the               Department               of               Justice.

    This               was               the               case               when               AT&T               acquired               Dobson               Communications.

    They               were               required               to               submit               forms               to               both               agencies,               following               a               review               of               the               acquisition,               both               agencies               granted               approval               with               stipulations.

    One               stipulation               included               the               ability               to               maintain               competition               in               each               market               where               the               changes               would               occur               -               essential               to               maintain               fairness               to               consumers.
                   Employees               of               firms               may               not               want               the               dynamics               of               the               firm               to               change,               such               as               changes               to               operations               management,               moving               to               JIT               systems,               or               other               company               wide               changes               within               their               organization.

    Sometimes               organizations               ignore               the               needs               of               employees               as               secondary               issues;               however,               just               as               employees               have               a               personal               need               to               understand               their               value               within               the               company               they               cannot               be               successful               as               employees               if               changes               affecting               them               are               communicated.

    Finally,               organizations               have               a               personal               need               to               successfully               retain               employees               during               times               of               change               to               prevent               sudden               losses               of               production               or               mass               withdrawal               from               the               company.

    It               is               imperative               to               have               a               high               involvement               of               the               HR               Dept.

    during               times               of               imminent               changes.
                   Lawrence               Sports'               will               need               to               establish               how               they               will               handle               each               of               these               ethical               issues               early               on               in               the               project               to               prevent               both               added               expenses               as               well               as               severely               decreased               production               levels.

    Maintaining               strong               communication               channels               will               enable               the               company               to               work               through               problems               that               often               occur               early               on               during               these               types               of               projects.

    If               successfully               managed,               many               stakeholders               will               develop               an               even               stronger               loyalty               to               the               company               as               establishment               of               good               faith               is               a               strong               indicator               of               how               well               a               business               can               continue               growing               industry               standards.
                   Conclusion
                   Ultimately,               Lawrence               Sports'               has               relied               heavily               on               policies               that               address               a               permanent               solution               to               financial               changes               in               the               company               needs;               however,               it               does               not               address               the               changing               and               growing               needs.

    A               complete               business               plan               will               include               development               of               long-term               solutions,               which               address               the               growing               needs               of               the               company,               implementing               a               JIT               system,               which               focuses               on               prepared               changes               in               needs               as               the               company               seeks               out               diversification               in               distribution               options.

    Additionally,               growing               a               strong               credit               value               for               the               company               will               increase               value               to               suppliers               and               encourage               ethical               behavior.
                   A               successful               Current               Asset               Investment               Policy               is               detrimental               to               their               success               -               while               it               should               change               with               the               changing               company,               Lawrence               Sports'               would               currently               benefit               from               developing               a               Moderate               Current               Asset               Policy               and               moving               away               from               the               current               restricted               policy               until               they               are               able               to               find               additionally               distributors.

    Additionally,               the               aggressive               approach               to               Current               Asset               Financing               Policies               has               increased               debt               to               Lawrence               Sports'               and               developing               a               more               conservative               approach               could               increase               availability               of               working               capital               and               reduce               high               risk               from               unexpected               changes               in               revenue.

    Last               but               not               least,               using               productive               metrics               enables               a               company               to               carefully               monitor               the               changes               they               develop               as               well               as               be               able               to               quickly               respond               if               additional               changes               must               occur               or               if               one               change               has               lead               them               in               the               wrong               direction.
                   References:
                   About               Kraft,               History.

    (n.d.).

    Kraft.

    Retrieved               on               April               19,               2008,               from
                   http://www.kraft.com/About/history/
                   Arndt,               M.

    (2/12/2007).

    It               just               got               hotter               in               Kraft's               kitchen.

    Business               Week.

    Retrieved               on               April
                   19,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix,               Library,               EBSCO               Host.
                   Brealey,               R.,               Myers,               S.,               and               Allen,               F.

    (2005).

    Principles               of               Corporate               Finance.

    Retrieved               on               May               24,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix,               eResource.
                   Carpenter,               A.

    (n.d.).

    MBA               550               Resource               Optimization               Week               1,               PowerPoint               presentation.

    Retrieved               on               May               24,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix               rEsource.
                   Dobson,               AT&T               enter               agreement.

    (04/26/1999).

    RCR.

    Retrieved               on               April               19,               2008,               from
                   University               of               Phoenix               Library,               EBSCO               Host.
                   Encarta.

    (2008).

    Sympatic               MSN,               cash               conversion               cycle.

    Retrieved               on               May               24,               2008,               from               http://ca.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561546524_561546524/nextpage.html
                   Financing               Solutions.

    (2001).

    National               Bank               of               Canada.

    Retrieved               on               May               25,               2008,               from               http://www.nbc.ca/bnc/cda/content/0,1008,divId-2_langId-1_navCode-12927_navCodeExTh-4100,00.html
                   Investorwords.com.

    (n.d.).

    Retrieved               on               May               24,               2008,               from               http://www.investorwords.com/5334/working_capital.html
                   Lawrence               Sports'               Working               Capital               Policy               Template.

    (n.d.).

    Retrieved               on               June               06,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix,               rEsource.
                   Luna,               L.

    (12/15/1997).

    Dobson               aligns               with               AT&T               to               bring               TDMA               digital               to               its               network.

    RCR.
                   MBA/550               Theme               Week               1-3               Working               Capital               Mind               Map               Week               1.

    (n.d.).

    University               of               Phoenix,
                   rEsource.

    Retrieved               on               May               26,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix.
                   Paradis,               T.

    (May               5,               2008).

    Stocks               Down               After               Microsoft               Pulls               Yahoo               Bid.

    Time.

    Retrieved               on
                   May               7,               2008,               from               http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1737626,00.html
                   Rensselaer,               Dr.

    Kristy               Van.

    (n.d.).

    II.

    Working               Capital               Policy.

    The               University               of               North               Alabama.

    Retrieved               on               June               06,               2007,               from               http://www2.una.edu/kvrensselaer/FI%20393/working%20capital%20management.htm
                   Ross,               S.,               Westerfield,               J.,               &               Jaffe,               J.

    (2005).

    Corporate               Finance,               7e.

    Retrieved               on               April               11,               2008,
                   from               University               of               Phoenix,               eResource.
                   Schein,               J.

    (2004).

    Cash               Flow,               Profits               and               the               Cash               Conversion               Cycle.

    Spokane               Business               Directory.com.

    Retrieved               on               May               24,               2008,               from               http://www.spokanebusinessdirectory.com/fvcA2.html
                   Shaw,               J.

    (10/11/1999).

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    Bank               Loan               Report.
                   Retrieved               on               April               19,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix               Library,               EBSCO               Host.
                   Silva,               J.

    (11/5/2007).

    AT&T               Mobility/Dobson,               Alltel               deals               get               gov't               blessing.

    RCR               Wireless
                   News.

    Retrieved               on               April               19,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix               Library,               EBSCO               Host.
                   Stainburn,               S.

    (1/21/2008).

    Kraft               sheds               cereal               biz.

    Crain's               Chicago               Business.

    Retrieved               on               April
                   19,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix               Library,               EBSCO               Host.
                   Working               Capital               Management.

    (n.d.)               Retrieved               on               May               26th,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix
                   rEsource.






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    formula for debt service coverage ratio
    formula for debt service coverage ratio


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