2013년 12월 2일 월요일

About 'define liabilities in business'|Direct Selling Business: Thriving in an Economic Winter







About 'define liabilities in business'|Direct Selling Business: Thriving in an Economic Winter








What               Accounting               Books               Do               I               Need               to               Keep               for               My               Small               Business?

Keeping               the               books               for               your               business               actually               involves               keeping               different               books,               called               journals               and               ledgers.

All               your               transactions               and               accounting               entries               are               first               recorded               in               the               journals,               and               the               effects               of               those               transactions               and               entries               are               reflected               and               summarized               in               the               different               accounts               in               the               general               ledger               and               subledgers.

The               trial               balance               generated               from               the               general               ledger               is               used               as               the               basis               for               preparing               the               financial               statements               for               your               business,               including               the               balance               sheet,               income               statement,               cash               flow               statement,               and               others.
               Journals
               The               journals               used               to               record               transactions               include               the               cash               or               bank               book,               the               purchases               and               sales               journal,               and               the               general               journal.
               The               cash               or               bank               book               is               used               to               record               all               cash               receipts               and               disbursements.

Cash               receipts               are               booked               with               a               debit               to               the               cash               or               bank               account               and               a               credit               to               sales               or               other               accounts               as               applicable.

Cash               disbursements               are               booked               with               a               credit               to               the               cash               or               bank               account               and               a               debit               to               cost               or               expense               accounts;               asset               accounts               for               the               purchase               of               securities,               investments,               inventory,               equipment,               or               other               assets;               or               debits               to               the               liability               accounts               when               you               make               payments               on               accounts               payable,               loans,               or               other               obligations.
               In               the               purchases               and               sales               journal,               purchases               are               recorded               with               a               debit               to               merchandise               inventory               or               another               asset               account,               or               to               an               expense               account,               with               a               credit               to               accounts               payable.

Sales               are               recorded               with               a               credit               to               a               sales               account               and               a               debit               to               accounts               receivable.
               In               the               general               journal               various               types               of               accounting               entries               are               made               that               do               not               correspond               to               one               of               the               other               journals;               that               is,               entries               that               do               not               involve               a               cash               receipt               or               disbursement,               or               a               purchase               or               sale.

These               include               entries               to               record               depreciation,               amortization,               accruals,               adjustments,               reclassifications,               and               corrections.
               The               payroll               register,               even               though               it               may               not               be               considered               an               accounting               journal,               constitutes               a               transactions               register.

Charges               are               recorded               to               expense               accounts               for               salaries,               wages,               and               other               compensation,               employee               benefits,               the               employer's               portion               of               payroll               taxes,               and               other               accounts               as               applicable.

The               offsets               are               credits               to               salaries               and               wages               payable,               employee               benefits               payable,               taxes               withheld,               and               payroll               taxes               payable.
               All               the               accounting               entries               in               each               one               of               the               journals               are               summarized               and               posted               to               the               general               ledger               each               month.

Depending               on               the               accounting               system               implemented,               the               general               ledger               could               be               updated               in               real               time,               each               time               an               entry               is               made               in               one               of               the               journals.
               General               Ledger
               The               accounting               entries               from               the               journals               are               posted               to               the               general               ledger,               which               consists               of               the               accounts               set               up               in               the               chart               of               accounts,               with               each               account               showing               the               opening               balance               for               the               period,               the               activity               for               the               period,               and               the               closing               balance.

According               to               double-entry               accounting,               the               total               of               all               the               debits               must               always               be               equal               to               the               total               of               all               the               credits,               and               therefore               total               assets               are               always               equal               to               the               total               liabilities               and               capital,               from               which               the               concept               of               balancing               the               books               is               derived.
               Once               all               the               entries               from               the               journals               have               been               posted               to               the               general               ledger,               a               trial               balance               can               be               generated.

This               is               a               report               that               shows               all               the               balance               sheet               and               income               statement               accounts               with               their               respective               balances.

The               trial               balance               is               reviewed,               any               necessary               adjustments               are               recorded,               and               the               trial               balance               is               then               ready               to               be               used               as               a               basis               for               generating               the               financial               statements.
               The               general               ledger               may               be               accompanied               and               supported               by               subledgers,               which               provide               a               breakdown               of               the               related               accounts               on               the               general               ledger.

For               example,               the               trade               accounts               receivable               subledger               shows               the               activity               in               each               individual               customer's               account,               and               the               trade               accounts               payable               subledger               shows               the               activity               in               each               individual               vendor's               account.

The               balance               of               the               subledger               must               always               be               equal               to               the               balance               of               the               control               account               on               the               general               ledger.
               Integrated               Accounting               for               Your               Business
               Taken               together,               the               journals,               general               ledger,               and               subledgers               make               up               your               accounting               books.

Many               times,               an               accounting               software               package               treats               the               books               as               modules               that               interact.

The               modules               for               the               journals               feed               the               general               ledger               and               subledger               modules,               with               the               capacity               to               generate               various               types               of               reports               and               analyses.
               Accounting               on               a               Cash               or               Accrual               Basis
               There               are               basically               two               methods               for               keeping               the               books               for               your               business:               cash               basis               and               accrual               basis.

There               may               be               cases               in               which               you               can               use               a               combination               of               these               two               methods.

There               can               be               differences               between               the               two               methods               with               regard               to               when               income               and               expenses               are               recognized,               that               can               therefore               affect               net               income               for               the               period.
               Cash               Basis               Accounting
               When               your               business               involves               a               relatively               rapid               and               constant               turnover               of               cash               month               to               month,               cash               basis               accounting               could               be               appropriate.

For               example,               if               your               sales               are               mostly               on               a               cash               basis,               and               you               pay               your               expenses               as               they               are               incurred,               the               cash               basis               could               correctly               reflect               your               net               income               each               accounting               period.
               One               of               the               main               advantages               of               this               method               is               its               simplicity.

You               basically               do               your               accounting               according               to               the               activity               in               your               bank               account.

You               may               have               to               make               some               adjustments               for               items               like               depreciation,               which               do               not               involve               a               cash               flow.
               Accrual               Basis               Accounting
               If               there               are               significant               fluctuations               in               your               cash               flow,               for               example               when               you               receive               significant               amounts               in               one               month               that               represent               payment               for               several               months               of               work,               the               accrual               basis               will               more               correctly               reflect               your               net               income               month               to               month.

And               when               your               business               involves               handling               inventory,               you               should               use               the               accrual               basis               for               your               accounting.
               According               to               this               method,               income               is               recorded               when               it               is               earned,               regardless               of               when               payment               is               received,               and               expenses               are               booked               when               they               are               incurred,               and               not               necessarily               when               they               are               paid.

The               accrual               method               is               a               more               proper               representation               of               the               accounting               principle               of               matching               income               with               the               expenses               incurred               in               order               to               produce               that               income.

The               differences               that               distort               net               income               under               the               cash               method               are               overcome               with               the               accrual               method               by               making               accounting               entries               for               earned               income               and               accrued               expenses,               for               amortizing               prepaid               expenses               over               the               periods               affected,               and               by               deferring               charges               paid               during               the               current               period               that               affect               subsequent               periods.

The               accrual               method               involves               more               accounting               work,               but               it               is               the               most               correct               and               appropriate               method               according               to               generally               accepted               accounting               principles.
               Combining               the               Cash               and               Accrual               Methods
               The               idea               of               combining               the               cash               and               accrual               methods               is               to               take               the               positive               aspects               of               each               to               achieve               a               system               that               is               practical,               and               that               generates               correct               results.

For               example,               with               a               combined               method               you               could               record               your               sales               based               on               your               cash               receipts,               your               expenses               based               on               cash               disbursements,               and               then               make               additional               accounting               entries               to               distribute               certain               items               to               properly               reflect               their               effects               in               the               corresponding               accounting               periods.

These               entries,               based               on               the               accrual               method,               would               include               entries               to               make               accruals,               to               defer               charges,               to               account               for               the               cost               of               sales               based               on               changes               in               your               inventory,               and               to               account               for               depreciation               and               amortization.
               It               should               be               noted               that               certain               accounting               treatments               are               required               in               certain               circumstances               according               to               income               tax               law.

If               the               accounting               method               you               are               using               for               book               or               financial               purposes               does               not               conform               to               the               treatment               required               for               tax               purposes,               you               will               need               to               make               adjustments               when               you               prepare               your               income               tax               return.
               Choosing               Accounting               Software               for               Your               Business
               The               most               suitable               accounting               software               for               a               business               depends               on               the               characteristics               of               each               business.

There               are               many               off-the-shelf               accounting               software               packages               you               can               purchase               that               cover               a               wide               range               of               needs.

Various               accounting               software               suppliers               offer               different               versions               of               their               software               to               accommodate               different               types               of               business,               in               terms               of               their               size,               complexity,               and               the               information               technology               requirements               of               the               users.
               Do               You               Need               Accounting               Software?
               If               you               are               a               sole               proprietor               and               run               your               business               from               home               you               may               not               even               need               accounting               software.

As               long               as               you               keep               adequate               records               in               order               to               file               your               tax               returns,               and               meet               your               own               information               requirements               and               those               of               any               interested               third               party,               such               as               a               lender               or               investor,               it               may               be               sufficient               to               keep               records               of               your               income               and               expenses               in               a               spreadsheet,               or               use               software               designed               for               managing               personal               finances.

But               when               there               is               more               than               one               person               in               the               business,               when               you               are               established               as               a               partnership               or               corporation,               or               when               there               are               certain               regulations               on               the               reports               your               business               is               required               to               generate,               it               will               probably               be               necessary               to               have               accounting               software               for               your               business.
               It               may               be               that               you               have               employees               or               partners               in               your               business               who               are               sufficiently               trained               and               able               to               develop               customized               software               for               your               business.

When               you               are               considering               this               option,               the               cost               factor               must               be               taken               into               account,               and               it               is               also               important               to               considerer               the               potential               need               to               adapt               the               software               later               one,               when               your               business               grows               and               develops.
               Factors               to               Consider               when               Selecting               Accounting               Software
               The               accounting               software               you               select               should               be               sufficiently               complete               to               cover               all               the               financial               information               needs               of               your               business.

Depending               on               the               type               of               business               you               have,               these               needs               normally               include               the               capacity               to               keep               the               basic               accounting               books;               provide               information               to               prepare               your               tax               returns;               and               generate               the               standard               financial               statements,               which               are               the               balance               sheet,               income               statement,               and               cash               flow               statement,               in               addition               to               any               other               special               financial               reports               you               need               in               your               business.
               The               software               may               be               separated               in               modules,               such               as               sales               and               accounts               receivable,               purchasing               and               accounts               payable,               payroll,               fixed               assets,               and               general               ledger.

The               software               should               be               integrated               in               the               sense               that               all               the               modules               are               compatible,               and               that               data               are               transferred               from               one               module               to               another,               without               the               need               to               enter               data               more               than               once.
               When               more               than               one               person               works               in               your               business,               it               may               be               necessary               to               have               multi-user               software.

The               software               you               purchase               must               be               compatible               with               your               hardware               and               operating               system,               or               you               could               purchase               the               software               first               and               then               buy               compatible               hardware.

Off-the-shelf               accounting               software               has               become               very               flexible               and               adaptable,               but               if               you               are               in               a               highly               specialized               business,               it               may               be               necessary               to               consider               your               special               needs               when               looking               for               software.
               The               availability               of               customer               service               and               technical               support               is               another               important               factor,               as               is               access               to               new               improved               versions               of               the               software               when               they               become               available,               or               the               option               to               migrate               to               a               more               advanced               version               of               the               same               supplier's               software               later               on.

And               obviously               the               cost               is               always               a               factor.
               Deciding               on               Software
               If               the               purchase               of               accounting               software               does               not               represent               a               significant               investment               for               your               business,               you               have               a               good               understanding               of               the               operations               and               informational               needs               of               the               business,               and               are               generally               familiar               with               accounting               software,               the               decision               should               be               relatively               easy.

But               if               the               software               involves               a               large               investment               and               your               business               has               relatively               sophisticated               information               requirements,               it               may               be               necessary               to               do               a               more               thorough               evaluation,               possibly               including               the               participation               of               a               systems               analyst               and               one               or               more               users.
               Setting               Up               a               Chart               of               Accounts
               One               of               the               first               things               you               will               have               to               do               when               you               implement               your               accounting               system               is               set               up               the               chart               of               accounts.

This               is               a               listing               of               all               the               accounts               you               will               use               to               keep               the               books               for               your               business.

The               chart               of               accounts               forms               the               outline               according               to               which               the               balance               sheet,               income               statement,               and               other               financial               reports               will               be               generated.
               The               accounts               you               set               up               in               your               chart               of               accounts               provide               you               with               the               structure               for               the               financial               information               you               need               to               manage               your               business.

Therefore,               when               you               set               up               your               chart               of               accounts,               it's               important               to               think               carefully               about               the               financial               information               you               will               need               in               order               to               issue               reports               to               third               parties,               prepare               your               tax               returns,               satisfy               any               other               regulatory               reporting               requirements               that               may               apply,               and               be               able               to               adequately               control               and               manage               your               business               operations.
               The               Chart               of               Accounts               as               a               Function               of               Your               Business
               There               are               certain               guidelines               that               can               be               followed               in               setting               up               your               chart               of               accounts,               which               generally               correspond               to               standard               formats               for               the               balance               sheet               and               income               statement.

But               every               business               is               unique               and               each               business               owner               has               his               or               her               own               preferences               regarding               how               the               business's               financial               information               should               be               managed.
               A               very               generalized               chart               of               accounts,               with               only               broad               categories               of               accounts,               can               facilitate               bookkeeping,               but               it               will               not               give               you               much               in               terms               of               analytical               capacity.

On               the               other               hand,               a               very               complex               chart               of               accounts               can               make               for               cumbersome               bookkeeping,               with               a               tendency               to               misclassify               transactions               or               make               errors.

In               general,               your               chart               of               accounts               should               provide               you               a               tool               to               meet               your               regulatory               and               tax               obligations,               issue               the               financial               reports               you               need,               and               adequately               plan,               manage,               and               control               your               business.
               Level               of               Detail               in               Your               Chart               of               Accounts
               The               chart               of               accounts               should               be               broken               down               into               the               level               of               detail               you               are               capable               of,               and               interested               in               managing.

For               example,               if               your               business               has               more               than               one               bank               account,               you               should               have               a               separate               account               on               your               books               for               each               account,               in               order               to               reconcile               your               bank               statements.

It               may               be               necessary               to               have               separate               accounts               for               different               classes               of               inventories               or               for               inventories               in               different               locations.

If               you               use               various               types               of               equipment               in               your               business,               you               may               need               to               set               up               separate               accounts               for               each               class               of               equipment.

Expense               accounts               should               be               set               up               at               the               level               of               detail               you               want               to               analyze               and               control.

This               could               be               based               on               the               budget               you               prepared               for               your               business.
               Coding               the               Chart               of               Accounts
               Generally,               codes               are               assigned               in               accounting               software               to               identify               the               accounts.

The               structure               for               assigning               account               numbers               may               be               pre-established               in               the               software,               or               you               may               need               to               assign               the               numbers               yourself.

You               can               use               ranges               of               numbers               to               define               the               principal               categories               and               subcategories               of               accounts,               with               individual               numbers               assigned               to               each               account               within               the               range.

Here               it's               important               to               have               a               logical               sequence               for               assigning               account               codes               that               is               sufficiently               broad               and               flexible               to               be               able               to               add               accounts               as               needed,               to               accommodate               the               continuing               needs               of               your               business               as               it               evolves               and               grows.
               Financial               Statements               from               Your               Accounting               System
               The               objective               of               the               accounting               system               is               to               be               able               to               produce               financial               information               that               is               useful               to               you               in               managing               the               business               and               that               enables               you               to               generate               financial               statements               that               show               the               status               of               the               business               and               the               results               of               its               operations.

All               accounting               systems               should               be               able               to               generate               at               least               the               three               principal               financial               statements,               which               are               the               balance               sheet,               the               income               statement,               and               the               cash               flow               statement.
               These               are               the               basic               financial               statements               that               would               be               presented               to               interested               third               parties               such               as               lenders,               investors,               suppliers,               and               possibly               regulatory               or               tax               agencies.

And               if               you               need               to               have               an               audit               of               your               company,               the               audit               opinion               would               be               based               on               these               financial               statements.
               Balance               Sheet
               El               balance               general,               also               known               as               the               statement               of               financial               position,               is               basically               a               snapshot               of               your               business               at               some               given               moment,               typically               the               end               of               the               month               or               year.

It               shows               your               assets,               liabilities,               and               capital               or               equity.
               Assets               include               everything               you               own               in               your               business,               such               as               cash,               accounts               receivable,               inventories,               and               property,               plant               and               equipment.

Liabilities               include               what               your               business               owes,               such               as               accounts               payable,               loans,               and               other               debt.

The               capital               or               equity               section               represents               what               you               have               invested               in               the               business.

It               includes               capital               contributions,               in               the               case               of               a               sole               proprietorship               or               partnership,               and               capital               issued               in               the               form               of               shares               of               stock               in               the               case               of               a               corporation.

Equity               also               includes               accumulated               earnings               from               prior               periods               and               the               net               income               or               loss               for               the               current               period.
               Income               Statement
               The               income               statement,               also               known               as               the               profit               and               loss               statement,               is               a               summary               of               the               financial               results               achieved               by               the               business               for               the               period.

The               period               could               be               a               month,               quarter,               year,               or               any               other               period               defined.

The               income               statement               shows               your               revenues               (sales,               fees,               commissions),               your               cost               of               producing               those               revenues               (cost               of               sales),               and               your               operating               and               other               expenses,               including               income               tax.

The               income               statement               ends               with               the               net               result,               which               is               your               profit               or               loss               for               the               period.
               Statement               of               Cash               Flows
               The               statement               of               cash               flows               shows               your               sources               and               uses               of               cash;               that               is,               where               your               cash               came               from               and               how               it               was               spent               during               a               certain               period.

Different               formats               can               be               used               for               the               statement               of               cash               flows,               depending               on               your               business               and               the               type               of               information               you               need.

One               of               the               standard               formats               generally               accepted               for               the               cash               flow               statement               involves               separating               sources               and               uses               of               cash               in               three               different               groups               of               activities:               cash               flows               from               operating               activities,               cash               flows               from               investing               activities,               and               cash               flows               from               financing               activities.
               The               statement               of               cash               flows               starts               with               the               balance               of               cash               in               the               business               at               the               beginning               of               the               period,               shows               the               cash               received               and               spent               during               the               period,               classified               according               to               the               above-mentioned               categories,               which               are               summarized               as               the               net               increase               or               decrease               in               cash               for               the               period,               and               ends               with               the               balance               of               cash               at               the               end               of               the               period               being               reported.
               These               three               financial               statements               form               the               basis               for               the               financial               reporting               generated               by               the               accounting               system               you               implement               for               your               business,               and               can               be               supplemented               with               additional               reports               as               necessary.






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      ...Insurance Kiddie Tax Life Estate Limited Liability Company Living Will Long-Term Capital Gain...Property QTIP Rabbi Trust Remainder Interest in Personal Residence or Farm Reversionary Interest Revocable...



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