2013년 12월 2일 월요일

About 'define liabilities in business'|Direct Selling Business: Thriving in an Economic Winter







About 'define liabilities in business'|Direct Selling Business: Thriving in an Economic Winter








What               Accounting               Books               Do               I               Need               to               Keep               for               My               Small               Business?

Keeping               the               books               for               your               business               actually               involves               keeping               different               books,               called               journals               and               ledgers.

All               your               transactions               and               accounting               entries               are               first               recorded               in               the               journals,               and               the               effects               of               those               transactions               and               entries               are               reflected               and               summarized               in               the               different               accounts               in               the               general               ledger               and               subledgers.

The               trial               balance               generated               from               the               general               ledger               is               used               as               the               basis               for               preparing               the               financial               statements               for               your               business,               including               the               balance               sheet,               income               statement,               cash               flow               statement,               and               others.
               Journals
               The               journals               used               to               record               transactions               include               the               cash               or               bank               book,               the               purchases               and               sales               journal,               and               the               general               journal.
               The               cash               or               bank               book               is               used               to               record               all               cash               receipts               and               disbursements.

Cash               receipts               are               booked               with               a               debit               to               the               cash               or               bank               account               and               a               credit               to               sales               or               other               accounts               as               applicable.

Cash               disbursements               are               booked               with               a               credit               to               the               cash               or               bank               account               and               a               debit               to               cost               or               expense               accounts;               asset               accounts               for               the               purchase               of               securities,               investments,               inventory,               equipment,               or               other               assets;               or               debits               to               the               liability               accounts               when               you               make               payments               on               accounts               payable,               loans,               or               other               obligations.
               In               the               purchases               and               sales               journal,               purchases               are               recorded               with               a               debit               to               merchandise               inventory               or               another               asset               account,               or               to               an               expense               account,               with               a               credit               to               accounts               payable.

Sales               are               recorded               with               a               credit               to               a               sales               account               and               a               debit               to               accounts               receivable.
               In               the               general               journal               various               types               of               accounting               entries               are               made               that               do               not               correspond               to               one               of               the               other               journals;               that               is,               entries               that               do               not               involve               a               cash               receipt               or               disbursement,               or               a               purchase               or               sale.

These               include               entries               to               record               depreciation,               amortization,               accruals,               adjustments,               reclassifications,               and               corrections.
               The               payroll               register,               even               though               it               may               not               be               considered               an               accounting               journal,               constitutes               a               transactions               register.

Charges               are               recorded               to               expense               accounts               for               salaries,               wages,               and               other               compensation,               employee               benefits,               the               employer's               portion               of               payroll               taxes,               and               other               accounts               as               applicable.

The               offsets               are               credits               to               salaries               and               wages               payable,               employee               benefits               payable,               taxes               withheld,               and               payroll               taxes               payable.
               All               the               accounting               entries               in               each               one               of               the               journals               are               summarized               and               posted               to               the               general               ledger               each               month.

Depending               on               the               accounting               system               implemented,               the               general               ledger               could               be               updated               in               real               time,               each               time               an               entry               is               made               in               one               of               the               journals.
               General               Ledger
               The               accounting               entries               from               the               journals               are               posted               to               the               general               ledger,               which               consists               of               the               accounts               set               up               in               the               chart               of               accounts,               with               each               account               showing               the               opening               balance               for               the               period,               the               activity               for               the               period,               and               the               closing               balance.

According               to               double-entry               accounting,               the               total               of               all               the               debits               must               always               be               equal               to               the               total               of               all               the               credits,               and               therefore               total               assets               are               always               equal               to               the               total               liabilities               and               capital,               from               which               the               concept               of               balancing               the               books               is               derived.
               Once               all               the               entries               from               the               journals               have               been               posted               to               the               general               ledger,               a               trial               balance               can               be               generated.

This               is               a               report               that               shows               all               the               balance               sheet               and               income               statement               accounts               with               their               respective               balances.

The               trial               balance               is               reviewed,               any               necessary               adjustments               are               recorded,               and               the               trial               balance               is               then               ready               to               be               used               as               a               basis               for               generating               the               financial               statements.
               The               general               ledger               may               be               accompanied               and               supported               by               subledgers,               which               provide               a               breakdown               of               the               related               accounts               on               the               general               ledger.

For               example,               the               trade               accounts               receivable               subledger               shows               the               activity               in               each               individual               customer's               account,               and               the               trade               accounts               payable               subledger               shows               the               activity               in               each               individual               vendor's               account.

The               balance               of               the               subledger               must               always               be               equal               to               the               balance               of               the               control               account               on               the               general               ledger.
               Integrated               Accounting               for               Your               Business
               Taken               together,               the               journals,               general               ledger,               and               subledgers               make               up               your               accounting               books.

Many               times,               an               accounting               software               package               treats               the               books               as               modules               that               interact.

The               modules               for               the               journals               feed               the               general               ledger               and               subledger               modules,               with               the               capacity               to               generate               various               types               of               reports               and               analyses.
               Accounting               on               a               Cash               or               Accrual               Basis
               There               are               basically               two               methods               for               keeping               the               books               for               your               business:               cash               basis               and               accrual               basis.

There               may               be               cases               in               which               you               can               use               a               combination               of               these               two               methods.

There               can               be               differences               between               the               two               methods               with               regard               to               when               income               and               expenses               are               recognized,               that               can               therefore               affect               net               income               for               the               period.
               Cash               Basis               Accounting
               When               your               business               involves               a               relatively               rapid               and               constant               turnover               of               cash               month               to               month,               cash               basis               accounting               could               be               appropriate.

For               example,               if               your               sales               are               mostly               on               a               cash               basis,               and               you               pay               your               expenses               as               they               are               incurred,               the               cash               basis               could               correctly               reflect               your               net               income               each               accounting               period.
               One               of               the               main               advantages               of               this               method               is               its               simplicity.

You               basically               do               your               accounting               according               to               the               activity               in               your               bank               account.

You               may               have               to               make               some               adjustments               for               items               like               depreciation,               which               do               not               involve               a               cash               flow.
               Accrual               Basis               Accounting
               If               there               are               significant               fluctuations               in               your               cash               flow,               for               example               when               you               receive               significant               amounts               in               one               month               that               represent               payment               for               several               months               of               work,               the               accrual               basis               will               more               correctly               reflect               your               net               income               month               to               month.

And               when               your               business               involves               handling               inventory,               you               should               use               the               accrual               basis               for               your               accounting.
               According               to               this               method,               income               is               recorded               when               it               is               earned,               regardless               of               when               payment               is               received,               and               expenses               are               booked               when               they               are               incurred,               and               not               necessarily               when               they               are               paid.

The               accrual               method               is               a               more               proper               representation               of               the               accounting               principle               of               matching               income               with               the               expenses               incurred               in               order               to               produce               that               income.

The               differences               that               distort               net               income               under               the               cash               method               are               overcome               with               the               accrual               method               by               making               accounting               entries               for               earned               income               and               accrued               expenses,               for               amortizing               prepaid               expenses               over               the               periods               affected,               and               by               deferring               charges               paid               during               the               current               period               that               affect               subsequent               periods.

The               accrual               method               involves               more               accounting               work,               but               it               is               the               most               correct               and               appropriate               method               according               to               generally               accepted               accounting               principles.
               Combining               the               Cash               and               Accrual               Methods
               The               idea               of               combining               the               cash               and               accrual               methods               is               to               take               the               positive               aspects               of               each               to               achieve               a               system               that               is               practical,               and               that               generates               correct               results.

For               example,               with               a               combined               method               you               could               record               your               sales               based               on               your               cash               receipts,               your               expenses               based               on               cash               disbursements,               and               then               make               additional               accounting               entries               to               distribute               certain               items               to               properly               reflect               their               effects               in               the               corresponding               accounting               periods.

These               entries,               based               on               the               accrual               method,               would               include               entries               to               make               accruals,               to               defer               charges,               to               account               for               the               cost               of               sales               based               on               changes               in               your               inventory,               and               to               account               for               depreciation               and               amortization.
               It               should               be               noted               that               certain               accounting               treatments               are               required               in               certain               circumstances               according               to               income               tax               law.

If               the               accounting               method               you               are               using               for               book               or               financial               purposes               does               not               conform               to               the               treatment               required               for               tax               purposes,               you               will               need               to               make               adjustments               when               you               prepare               your               income               tax               return.
               Choosing               Accounting               Software               for               Your               Business
               The               most               suitable               accounting               software               for               a               business               depends               on               the               characteristics               of               each               business.

There               are               many               off-the-shelf               accounting               software               packages               you               can               purchase               that               cover               a               wide               range               of               needs.

Various               accounting               software               suppliers               offer               different               versions               of               their               software               to               accommodate               different               types               of               business,               in               terms               of               their               size,               complexity,               and               the               information               technology               requirements               of               the               users.
               Do               You               Need               Accounting               Software?
               If               you               are               a               sole               proprietor               and               run               your               business               from               home               you               may               not               even               need               accounting               software.

As               long               as               you               keep               adequate               records               in               order               to               file               your               tax               returns,               and               meet               your               own               information               requirements               and               those               of               any               interested               third               party,               such               as               a               lender               or               investor,               it               may               be               sufficient               to               keep               records               of               your               income               and               expenses               in               a               spreadsheet,               or               use               software               designed               for               managing               personal               finances.

But               when               there               is               more               than               one               person               in               the               business,               when               you               are               established               as               a               partnership               or               corporation,               or               when               there               are               certain               regulations               on               the               reports               your               business               is               required               to               generate,               it               will               probably               be               necessary               to               have               accounting               software               for               your               business.
               It               may               be               that               you               have               employees               or               partners               in               your               business               who               are               sufficiently               trained               and               able               to               develop               customized               software               for               your               business.

When               you               are               considering               this               option,               the               cost               factor               must               be               taken               into               account,               and               it               is               also               important               to               considerer               the               potential               need               to               adapt               the               software               later               one,               when               your               business               grows               and               develops.
               Factors               to               Consider               when               Selecting               Accounting               Software
               The               accounting               software               you               select               should               be               sufficiently               complete               to               cover               all               the               financial               information               needs               of               your               business.

Depending               on               the               type               of               business               you               have,               these               needs               normally               include               the               capacity               to               keep               the               basic               accounting               books;               provide               information               to               prepare               your               tax               returns;               and               generate               the               standard               financial               statements,               which               are               the               balance               sheet,               income               statement,               and               cash               flow               statement,               in               addition               to               any               other               special               financial               reports               you               need               in               your               business.
               The               software               may               be               separated               in               modules,               such               as               sales               and               accounts               receivable,               purchasing               and               accounts               payable,               payroll,               fixed               assets,               and               general               ledger.

The               software               should               be               integrated               in               the               sense               that               all               the               modules               are               compatible,               and               that               data               are               transferred               from               one               module               to               another,               without               the               need               to               enter               data               more               than               once.
               When               more               than               one               person               works               in               your               business,               it               may               be               necessary               to               have               multi-user               software.

The               software               you               purchase               must               be               compatible               with               your               hardware               and               operating               system,               or               you               could               purchase               the               software               first               and               then               buy               compatible               hardware.

Off-the-shelf               accounting               software               has               become               very               flexible               and               adaptable,               but               if               you               are               in               a               highly               specialized               business,               it               may               be               necessary               to               consider               your               special               needs               when               looking               for               software.
               The               availability               of               customer               service               and               technical               support               is               another               important               factor,               as               is               access               to               new               improved               versions               of               the               software               when               they               become               available,               or               the               option               to               migrate               to               a               more               advanced               version               of               the               same               supplier's               software               later               on.

And               obviously               the               cost               is               always               a               factor.
               Deciding               on               Software
               If               the               purchase               of               accounting               software               does               not               represent               a               significant               investment               for               your               business,               you               have               a               good               understanding               of               the               operations               and               informational               needs               of               the               business,               and               are               generally               familiar               with               accounting               software,               the               decision               should               be               relatively               easy.

But               if               the               software               involves               a               large               investment               and               your               business               has               relatively               sophisticated               information               requirements,               it               may               be               necessary               to               do               a               more               thorough               evaluation,               possibly               including               the               participation               of               a               systems               analyst               and               one               or               more               users.
               Setting               Up               a               Chart               of               Accounts
               One               of               the               first               things               you               will               have               to               do               when               you               implement               your               accounting               system               is               set               up               the               chart               of               accounts.

This               is               a               listing               of               all               the               accounts               you               will               use               to               keep               the               books               for               your               business.

The               chart               of               accounts               forms               the               outline               according               to               which               the               balance               sheet,               income               statement,               and               other               financial               reports               will               be               generated.
               The               accounts               you               set               up               in               your               chart               of               accounts               provide               you               with               the               structure               for               the               financial               information               you               need               to               manage               your               business.

Therefore,               when               you               set               up               your               chart               of               accounts,               it's               important               to               think               carefully               about               the               financial               information               you               will               need               in               order               to               issue               reports               to               third               parties,               prepare               your               tax               returns,               satisfy               any               other               regulatory               reporting               requirements               that               may               apply,               and               be               able               to               adequately               control               and               manage               your               business               operations.
               The               Chart               of               Accounts               as               a               Function               of               Your               Business
               There               are               certain               guidelines               that               can               be               followed               in               setting               up               your               chart               of               accounts,               which               generally               correspond               to               standard               formats               for               the               balance               sheet               and               income               statement.

But               every               business               is               unique               and               each               business               owner               has               his               or               her               own               preferences               regarding               how               the               business's               financial               information               should               be               managed.
               A               very               generalized               chart               of               accounts,               with               only               broad               categories               of               accounts,               can               facilitate               bookkeeping,               but               it               will               not               give               you               much               in               terms               of               analytical               capacity.

On               the               other               hand,               a               very               complex               chart               of               accounts               can               make               for               cumbersome               bookkeeping,               with               a               tendency               to               misclassify               transactions               or               make               errors.

In               general,               your               chart               of               accounts               should               provide               you               a               tool               to               meet               your               regulatory               and               tax               obligations,               issue               the               financial               reports               you               need,               and               adequately               plan,               manage,               and               control               your               business.
               Level               of               Detail               in               Your               Chart               of               Accounts
               The               chart               of               accounts               should               be               broken               down               into               the               level               of               detail               you               are               capable               of,               and               interested               in               managing.

For               example,               if               your               business               has               more               than               one               bank               account,               you               should               have               a               separate               account               on               your               books               for               each               account,               in               order               to               reconcile               your               bank               statements.

It               may               be               necessary               to               have               separate               accounts               for               different               classes               of               inventories               or               for               inventories               in               different               locations.

If               you               use               various               types               of               equipment               in               your               business,               you               may               need               to               set               up               separate               accounts               for               each               class               of               equipment.

Expense               accounts               should               be               set               up               at               the               level               of               detail               you               want               to               analyze               and               control.

This               could               be               based               on               the               budget               you               prepared               for               your               business.
               Coding               the               Chart               of               Accounts
               Generally,               codes               are               assigned               in               accounting               software               to               identify               the               accounts.

The               structure               for               assigning               account               numbers               may               be               pre-established               in               the               software,               or               you               may               need               to               assign               the               numbers               yourself.

You               can               use               ranges               of               numbers               to               define               the               principal               categories               and               subcategories               of               accounts,               with               individual               numbers               assigned               to               each               account               within               the               range.

Here               it's               important               to               have               a               logical               sequence               for               assigning               account               codes               that               is               sufficiently               broad               and               flexible               to               be               able               to               add               accounts               as               needed,               to               accommodate               the               continuing               needs               of               your               business               as               it               evolves               and               grows.
               Financial               Statements               from               Your               Accounting               System
               The               objective               of               the               accounting               system               is               to               be               able               to               produce               financial               information               that               is               useful               to               you               in               managing               the               business               and               that               enables               you               to               generate               financial               statements               that               show               the               status               of               the               business               and               the               results               of               its               operations.

All               accounting               systems               should               be               able               to               generate               at               least               the               three               principal               financial               statements,               which               are               the               balance               sheet,               the               income               statement,               and               the               cash               flow               statement.
               These               are               the               basic               financial               statements               that               would               be               presented               to               interested               third               parties               such               as               lenders,               investors,               suppliers,               and               possibly               regulatory               or               tax               agencies.

And               if               you               need               to               have               an               audit               of               your               company,               the               audit               opinion               would               be               based               on               these               financial               statements.
               Balance               Sheet
               El               balance               general,               also               known               as               the               statement               of               financial               position,               is               basically               a               snapshot               of               your               business               at               some               given               moment,               typically               the               end               of               the               month               or               year.

It               shows               your               assets,               liabilities,               and               capital               or               equity.
               Assets               include               everything               you               own               in               your               business,               such               as               cash,               accounts               receivable,               inventories,               and               property,               plant               and               equipment.

Liabilities               include               what               your               business               owes,               such               as               accounts               payable,               loans,               and               other               debt.

The               capital               or               equity               section               represents               what               you               have               invested               in               the               business.

It               includes               capital               contributions,               in               the               case               of               a               sole               proprietorship               or               partnership,               and               capital               issued               in               the               form               of               shares               of               stock               in               the               case               of               a               corporation.

Equity               also               includes               accumulated               earnings               from               prior               periods               and               the               net               income               or               loss               for               the               current               period.
               Income               Statement
               The               income               statement,               also               known               as               the               profit               and               loss               statement,               is               a               summary               of               the               financial               results               achieved               by               the               business               for               the               period.

The               period               could               be               a               month,               quarter,               year,               or               any               other               period               defined.

The               income               statement               shows               your               revenues               (sales,               fees,               commissions),               your               cost               of               producing               those               revenues               (cost               of               sales),               and               your               operating               and               other               expenses,               including               income               tax.

The               income               statement               ends               with               the               net               result,               which               is               your               profit               or               loss               for               the               period.
               Statement               of               Cash               Flows
               The               statement               of               cash               flows               shows               your               sources               and               uses               of               cash;               that               is,               where               your               cash               came               from               and               how               it               was               spent               during               a               certain               period.

Different               formats               can               be               used               for               the               statement               of               cash               flows,               depending               on               your               business               and               the               type               of               information               you               need.

One               of               the               standard               formats               generally               accepted               for               the               cash               flow               statement               involves               separating               sources               and               uses               of               cash               in               three               different               groups               of               activities:               cash               flows               from               operating               activities,               cash               flows               from               investing               activities,               and               cash               flows               from               financing               activities.
               The               statement               of               cash               flows               starts               with               the               balance               of               cash               in               the               business               at               the               beginning               of               the               period,               shows               the               cash               received               and               spent               during               the               period,               classified               according               to               the               above-mentioned               categories,               which               are               summarized               as               the               net               increase               or               decrease               in               cash               for               the               period,               and               ends               with               the               balance               of               cash               at               the               end               of               the               period               being               reported.
               These               three               financial               statements               form               the               basis               for               the               financial               reporting               generated               by               the               accounting               system               you               implement               for               your               business,               and               can               be               supplemented               with               additional               reports               as               necessary.






Image of define liabilities in business






define liabilities in business
define liabilities in business


define liabilities in business Image 1


define liabilities in business
define liabilities in business


define liabilities in business Image 2


define liabilities in business
define liabilities in business


define liabilities in business Image 3


define liabilities in business
define liabilities in business


define liabilities in business Image 4


define liabilities in business
define liabilities in business


define liabilities in business Image 5


  • Related blog with define liabilities in business





    1. exposit.blogspot.com/   09/04/2004
      ...government in terms of the liabilities of the budget, see no inconsistency in Cheney’s position about gay...bible. It is not the business of the government, however, to...
    2. loscon05.blogspot.com/   12/13/2006
      ... the keys to the kingdom defines it, or find yourself on the outside of everything...dimension that could cost you or make you money but in general adds to the cost of knowledge...
    3. slphrbenefitsupdate.wordpress.com/   12/04/2009
      ...significant liability risks for businesses that sponsor... defined benefit... in, or...employer defined benefit...” Liability (ERISA...participate in the Study...If your business ...
    4. ivythesis.typepad.com/   08/06/2009
      ...the company as in a private business and, secondly, the amount of the liabilities of the business may be far in excess of the directors' personal resources. The...
    5. mariebaga.blogspot.com/   04/14/2008
      ... a career or a business, rather a vocation. Elements...be forth fighting for. In this era of Science advancement... of becoming a liability instead of an asset in...
    6. chrislvaughn.wordpress.com/   02/09/2010
      ...and will quickly see a change in the building of your...Happy Building! For more business tips and ideas...business success , chris vaughn , define attrition , mlm , network ...
    7. slphrbenefitsupdate.wordpress.com/   12/29/2010
      ... Law Press™ provides business risk management, legal compliance, management effectiveness...wish to receive these updates in the future, unsubscribe by updating your...
    8. cacuet.blogspot.com/   07/12/2011
      ...insurer and professional liability insurer. Insurance quote...offer the based business insurance a home office...not engaged in proper amounts...for small or clearly defined businesses...
    9. cseaperkins.wordpress.com/   09/06/2009
      ... me that a failed relationship is the biggest liability in any business. As a company, focus your teams on what makes the biggest difference...
    10. lawactually.blogspot.com/   09/24/2013
      ... in 2009 bring English law...Commission's Environmental Liability Directive. The main aim... of business on water, land and biodiversity...Environmental damage defined The Regulations...
    11. Define Liabilities In Business - Blog Homepage Results

      ...Insurance Kiddie Tax Life Estate Limited Liability Company Living Will Long-Term Capital Gain...Property QTIP Rabbi Trust Remainder Interest in Personal Residence or Farm Reversionary Interest Revocable...



    Related Video with define liabilities in business







    define liabilities in business Video 1








    define liabilities in business Video 2








    define liabilities in business Video 3




    define liabilities in business































    2013년 12월 1일 일요일

    About 'current assets ratio formula'|How to deal with those Financial Ratios







    About 'current assets ratio formula'|How to deal with those Financial Ratios








    Similar               to               other               articles               published               to               my               profile,               this               article               is               based               on               application               of               class               materials               to               a               research               paper               developed               for               a               college               course.

    Specifically,               this               paper               is               written               based               on               the               fictitious               organization               of               Lawrence               Sports,               from               the               University               of               Phoenix               and               applies               the               concepts               including               working               capital               policy.

    The               following               information               includes               industry               best               practices,               ethical               implications,               evaluation               of               research,               and               even               expected               relationships.

    Lawrence               Sports               Working               Capital               Policy               Paper
                   Lawrence               Sports               manufactures               sports               gear,               "protective               gear               for               baseball,               football,               basketball,               and               volleyball."               (Working               Capital               Management,               n.d.).

    "A               $20               million               revenue               company,"               distribution               of               the               Lawrence               Sports               gear               is               done               through               Mayo,               who               is               the               "world's               leading               retailer."               (Working               Capital               Management,               n.d.).

    Due               to               the               strong               relationship               between               Mayo               and               Lawrence,               their               respective               success               is               dependent               on               each               other               in               a               strong               way;               however,               the               impact               on               working               capital               available               to               Lawrence               Sports               also               directly               influences               their               suppliers               -               Gartner               Products               and               Murray               Leather               Works.

    Changes               in               how               accounts               receivable               are               collected               and               how               accounts               payable               are               paid,               can               greatly               affect               how               a               company               is               able               to               succeed               in               managing               working               capital               and               budgeting.

    While               every               company               strives               to               be               in               a               position               where               emergencies               -               or               unexpected               changes               -               do               not               drastically               influence               the               company,               this               is               not               always               the               case.

    Lawrence               Sports               is               unprepared               for               changes               in               how               Mayo               pays               for               products               and               the               resulting               financial               situation               can               cause               their               business               to               collapse               or               reduce               the               strong               relationships               the               company               has               with               suppliers               and               Mayo.

    A               solid               working               capital               policy               will               enable               the               company               to               develop               finances               in               a               successful               way,               which               reduces               redefining               policy               during               times               of               short-term,               unexpected,               hardship.
                   To               successfully               manage               the               current               issues               affecting               Lawrence               Sports               it               is               important               to               analyze               the               working               capital,               understand               cash               budgeting,               review               best               practices               in               working               capital,               evaluate               risks               and               opportunities,               and               determine               the               ethical               implications               of               competing               working               capital               alternatives.

    Development               of               a               successful               Working               Capital               Policy               for               Lawrence               Sports'               includes:
                   1.

    Understanding               of               the               different               financial               terms               and               metrics.
                   2.

    Reviewing               "[c]redit               balance               requirements               including               cash               reserves               needed               for               long               term               opportunities               that               may               arise."               (Lawrence               Sports'...,               n.d.)
                   3.

    Developing               a               "[c]redit               policy               that               balances               Lawrence               Sports               desire               to               minimize               accounts               receivable               and               maximize               revenue."               (Lawrence               Sports'...,               n.d.)
                   4.

    Creating               a               "[s]upplier               negotiation               strategy               for               terms               of               payment               that               balances               the               costs               to               Lawrence               Sports               and               their               cash               requirements."               (Lawrence               Sports'...,               n.d.)
                   5.

    Negotiating               a               "[s]hort               term               financing               strategy               to               ensure               availability               of               an               adequate               line               of               credit               while               minimizing               the               cost               of               that               credit."               (Lawrence               Sports'...,               n.d.)
                   6.

    Developing               quality               '[m]etrics               that               will               be               used               to               monitor               performance               against               the               policy."               (Lawrence               Sports'...,               n.d.)
                   Working               Capital               Policy
                   Working               capital               must               be               carefully               managed               to               maintain               a               balance               between               possible               income               from               cash               (such               as               interest               gained)               and               liquidity               of               assets.

    Lawrence               Sports               relies               upon               bank               loans               to               maintain               balances               in               the               working               capital;               however,               use               of               this               credit               line               also               incurs               additional               costs.

    In               order               to               become               successful               with               the               benefits               of               working               capital,               it               would               be               essential               for               Lawrence               Sports               to               develop               investments               which               are               both               able               to               be               liquidity               quickly               if               need               should               arise,               and               are               also               able               to               bring               in               additional               profit               when               there               is               no               need               for               the               cash.

    One               method               to               consider               would               be               investment               into               a               high               yielding               savings               account.

    However,               before               investment               begins               it               is               essential               to               have               a               Working               Capital               Policy               in               effect               that               demonstrates               the               need               and               desired               growth               of               the               company.
                   Working               capital               policies               include               Current               Asset               Investment               Policy               -               "policies               regarding               the               appropriate               level               of               current               assets,"               and               Current               Asset               Financing               Policy               -               "policies               regarding               the               use               of               short-term               financing"               (Rensselaer,               n.d.,               para.

    1).

    Some               examples               of               these               policies               include               relaxed,               restricted,               and               moderate               Current               Asset               Investment               Policies               or               moderate,               aggressive,               and               conservative               Current               Asset               Financing               Policies               (Rensselaer,               n.d.).

    Respectively,               these               policies               demonstrate               a               firm's               strategies               in               regards               to               investments               or               holdings,               as               well               as               current               asset               financing,               short-term,               or               long-term.

    As               both               of               these               types               of               policies               make               up               working               capital               policies,               it               is               imperative               that               the               two               types               of               policies               are               combined               to               maximize               firm               wealth               and               successful               company               growth.

    In               reviewing               cash               balance               requirements               for               Lawrence               Sports'               it               is               imperative               to               include               cash               reserves               needed               for               long               term               opportunities;               however,               at               this               time               there               are               no               policies               in               place               which               do               this               for               this               company.

    One               major               impact               on               cash               is               the               cash               conversion               cycle.
                   The               firm's               cash               conversion               cycle               is               defined               as               "time               lapse               between               purchase               and               income:               the               average               period               of               time               between               the               purchase               of               inventory               and               the               receipt               of               cash               from               accounts               payable."               (Encarta,               2008).

    The               cash               conversion               cycle               is               an               essential               factor/ratio               in               evaluating               how               well               the               "company               is               managing               its               working               capital."               (Schein,               2004,               para.

    3).

    This               ratio               is               defined               as               CCC               =               IOD               +               ARO               -               APO,               which               is               "Inventory               in               days               (IOD)",               "Accounts               Receivable               outstanding               in               days               (ARO)",               and               "Accounts               Payable               outstanding               in               days"               (Schein,               2004,               para.

    3).

    However,               this               formula               can               also               be               described               as               CCC               =               DIO               +               DSO               -               DPO,               where               DIO               is               the               days               of               inventory               outstanding,               DSO               =               days               of               sales               outstanding,               and               DPO               which               is               the               days               of               payables               outstanding               (Brealey,               Myers,               and               Allen,               2005).
                   This               ratio               can               help               to               determine               where               money               should               be               applied               and               how               payments               should               be               received               or               paid               out               (on               accounts).

    To               maintain               working               capital               -               which               is               used               to               cover               expenses               -               Lawrence               Sports               has               a               line               of               credit               with               the               bank;               however,               the               line               of               credit               comes               with               an               increasing               interest               rate,               which               decreases               the               appeal               of               using               the               line               of               credit.

    Cash               conversion               cycles               and               the               cost               of               goods               are               effected               by               the               accounts               payable.

    For               instance,               Lawrence               Sports               suffered               heavy               hits               to               the               working               capital               due               to               the               primary               buyer               having               their               own               problems               with               making               payment.

    Collection               policy               enables               companies               to               predetermine               how               they               will               handle               a               company               or               client               who               falls               behind               in               their               payments;               however,               sometimes               it               is               difficult               to               force               a               company               to               pay               money               if               their               company               is               at               risk               of               financial               issues,               which               could               cause               a               closing.

    Additionally,               companies               protect               themselves               from               decreases               in               accounts               payable               by               creating               terms               of               sale               that               strictly               control               how               payments               will               be               made               in               purchases.
                   One               way               to               prepare               for               unexpected               changes               in               collection               of               accounts               receivable               is               the               development               of               working               capital.

    Investorwords.com               defines               working               capital               as               "Current               assets               minus               current               liabilities...measures               how               much               in               liquid               assets               a               company               has               available               to               build               its               business."               (n.d.)               The               National               Bank               of               Canada               refers               to               short               term               financing               as               "ideal               for               financing               inventory,               working               capital,               and               accounts               receivable."               (Financing               Solutions,               2001,               para.

    1).

    The               interaction               between               these               two               items               -               working               capital               and               short-term               financing               is               that               the               financing               is               often               used               to               provide               the               working               capital.

    Additionally,               working               capital               is               necessary               for               taking               on               new               projects               and               effective               in               demonstrating               company               stability               and               effective               money               management               when               seeking               out               long               term               financing               options.

    Lawrence               Sports               uses               working               capital               to               pay               operating               costs               and               vendors;               however,               their               working               capital               is               subsidized               by               a               credit               line.

    In               order               for               Lawrence               Sports               to               maintain               a               successful               degree               of               working               capital,               they               have               to               maintain               payments               from               Mayo,               at               all               costs;               and               try               to               reduce               payments               to               vendors               if               capital               decreases.

    In               situations               where               this               is               not               possible,               it               is               important               to               have               other               forms               of               cash               available               by               liquidation               and               careful               cash               budgeting               policies               and               systems.
                   Cash               budgeting               is               essential               to               successful               financial               management               because               it               is               the               primary               tool               for               short               term               financial               planning               and               enables               successful               forecasting.

    Everyone               uses               cash               budgeting;               however,               how               successful               the               budgeting               is               depends               on               tracking               cash               inflow               -               sales               and               other               revenue               -               and               cash               outflow               -               accounts               payable,               labor/operating               expenses,               capital               expenditures,               taxes,               interest               and               dividend               payments               (Brealey,               Myers,               &               Allen,               2005).
                   Lawrence               Sports'               purchased               raw               materials               from               companies               on               a               credit               policy               that               enabled               the               products               to               be               ordered               and               paid               for               at               a               later               date.

    This               enabled               the               company               to               continue               to               get               raw               materials               when               working               capital               became               short;               however,               it               also               enabled               the               company               to               continue               to               build               up               debt.

    For               instance,               Lawrence               Sports'               debt               to               the               bank               increased               each               time               the               working               capital               did               not               reach               the               50               it               needed.

    In               order               to               better               examine               how               the               credit               policy               should               be               handled               in               the               future,               it               would               be               applicable               to               examine               other               methods               of               short-term               financing.
                   Development               of               a               credit               policy               that               balances               Lawrence               Sports               desire               to               minimize               accounts               receivable               and               maximize               revenue               is               currently               an               aggressive               Current               Asset               Financing               Policy,               which               uses               short-term               debt               from               a               line               of               credit               with               the               bank.

    (Rensselaer,               n.d.).

    While               their               short-term               debt               is               funded               by               a               line               of               credit,               it               is               not               sufficient               in               times               where               no               revenue               is               accrued               and               their               line               of               credit               with               suppliers               is               then               put               in               jeopardy.

    Review               of               these               current               policies               suggests               that               Lawrence               Sports'               would               be               more               successful               with               a               conservative               approach               with               the               Current               Asset               Financing               policy               as               this               develops               marketable               securities               and               long-term               debt               while               reducing               short-term               debt               typically               relied               upon               during               "seasonal               fluctuations"               and               provides               for               "a               low               risk               approach               with               low               return               potential."               (Rensselaer,               n.d.,               para.

    9).

    While               low               return               may               seem               unappealing,               it               does               ultimately               reduce               increased               costs               of               short-term               financing               such               as               interest               rates.
                   Cash               management               enables               a               company               to               develop               money               for               future               projects               and               expenses.

    While               most               companies               prefer               not               to               have               large               amounts               of               cash               "laying               about"               it               is               also               important               that               the               cash               can               be               used               should               the               need               arise.

    Many               companies               develop               cash               in               ways,               which               will               produce               more               cash               while               awaiting               the               need               for               it.

    Marketable               securities               are               an               example               of               management               of               cash               in               ways               where               the               cash               can               be               used               to               provide               an               additional               source               of               income               while               still               being               available               in               relatively               short-term               notice.
                   Best               practices               in               working               capital               management               can               vary               between               industries.

    Some               industries               rely               heavily               on               large               amounts               of               working               capital               in               order               to               fund               rapidly               changing               technology               needs;               however,               other               companies               rely               more               heavily               on               lines               of               credit               rather               than               large               amounts               of               working               capital.

    For               instance,               the               media               industry               has               varying               needs               for               working               capital               and               often               relies               on               projects               being               properly               formulated               in               order               to               acquire               funding               for               movies               or               larger               projects               including               completion               bonds;               however,               smaller               projects               such               as               ads               and               commercials               may               be               funded               directly               from               working               capital.

    When               larger               projects               run               over               budget,               the               funding               may               come               from               the               investors,               distributors,               or               additional               bank               loans,               based               on               the               predicted               success               of               the               project/movie.

    Additionally,               many               media               companies               run               a               line               of               credit               with               banks               to               assist               in               emergency               funding               of               projects               that               may               run               over               budget               will               be               paid               at               the               completion               of               the               project.

    Lawrence               Sports'               operates               based               on               seasonal               changes               and               is               reliant               on               the               changes               in               both               suppliers               and               distributors.

    While               business               may               fluctuate               in               some               directions               based               simply               on               buying               seasons,               companies               such               as               Lawrence               Sports'               can               develop               financial               situations               based               solely               on               the               reliability               of               their               sources               of               revenue               as               well               as               the               credit               issued               to               those               sources.
                   Successful               management               of               supplier               negotiation               strategies               in               terms               of               payment               of               balances               and               costs               are               reliant               on               cash               requirements               and               the               ability               for               those               to               be               meet               by               working               capital               in               Lawrence               Sports.

    Inventory               management,               credit               management,               cash,               and               marketable               securities               make               up               working               capital               metrics,               which               are               essential               for               developing               quality               and               effective               financial               management               of               a               company;               because               these               metrics               enable               careful               study               of               what,               is               occurring               and               what               must               occur               to               be               successful.

    Of               course,               the               success               of               supplier               negotiations               actually               begins               with               careful               Inventory               Management               practices.
                   Inventory               management               is               literally               the               management               of               inventory               -               from               raw               goods               through               finished               product.

    The               management               of               inventory               can               be               complicated               due               to               the               storage               of               the               goods,               access               of               product,               and               maintaining               levels               of               production,               which               may               reduce               the               cost               of               inventory               to               the               company;               such               as               is               often               developed               in               JIT               (Just               in               Time)               operations.

    Most               companies               benefit               from               implementing               JIT               operations               strategies               into               their               company,               and               while               this               will               probably               work               great               in               Lawrence               Sports,               and               should               be               included               in               the               overall               business               plans               for               growth,               it               would               not               currently               address               the               issues               of               cash               management.

    However,               credit               management               would               be               very               beneficial               and               addresses               the               issues               of               accounts               payable               by               addressing               the               issues               of               accounts               receivable.
                   Evaluation               Metrics
                   Successful               metrics               enable               a               firm               or               company               to               carefully               evaluate               the               use               of               cash,               credit,               short-term               and               long-term               financing.

    Methods               should               include               a               variety               of               information,               which               would               include               asymmetric,               geometric,               and               pecking               order               methods,               which               analyze               the               information               from               previous               months               and               can               be               used               to               forecast               upcoming               changes               in               future               months.

    Additionally,               a               primary               metric               to               evaluate               would               be               the               impact               on               inventory               and               cash               budgeting               practices               for               Lawrence               Sports.

    If               long-term               development               increases               availability               of               working               capital               the               changes               should               be               viewed               nearly               immediately;               however,               the               changes               to               debt               management               and               inventory               control               may               take               longer               to               evaluate               or               to               see               large               changes               in.

    Understanding               how               other               companies               manage               their               working               capital               or               financial               needs               is               essential               to               success.
                   Industry               Best               Practices
                   Dobson               Communications,               aka               Cellular               One,               was               a               rural               cell               phone               service               provider               who               was               acquired               by               AT&T               for               $2.8               billion               in               2007,               due               to               their               success               in               rural               markets               (Silva,               2007).

    Dobson               Communications               faced               many               challenges               over               the               years               through               technology               changes,               acquisitions               of               other               companies,               roaming               agreements,               and               manufacturer               agreements.

    Not               all               companies               were               able               to               stand               up               to               industry               changes,               including               SunCom               Wireless               Holdings               Inc.

    and               Centennial               Communications               Corp.

    SunCom               faced               challenges               due               to               problems               with               accounts               which               did               not               pay               and               were               reported               as               "attracting               lower               quality               subscribers               due               to               lower               credit               standards",               when               unable               to               collect               on               accounts               outstanding,               companies               are               faced               with               revenue               and               working               capital               decreases               (Meyer,               2005,               para.

    8).

    Centennial               reported               that               they               were               answering               financial               problems               by               "evaluating               a               range               of               possible               strategic               and               financial               alternatives"               which               would               address               problems               with               operation               costs               after               realizing               a               continued               15%               decrease               in               customer               growth               (Meyer,               2005,               para.

    2).

    Some               of               the               changes               included               the               TDMA               to               GSM               conversion               that               was               taking               place               in               frequency               to               correspond               with               the               FCC               eliminating               the               band               to               embrace               the               newer,               better,               technologies               that               are               forthcoming               to               the               industry.

    Dobson               Communications               was               able               to               overcome               much               of               its               competitors'               disadvantages               by               continuing               to               grow               in               the               rural               markets               as               well               as               acquiring               the               brand               name               Cellular               One               from               Alltell               Corp.

    (Meyer,               2005).

    Continued               growth               in               customers,               along               with               competitive               and               productive               roaming               agreements               with               T-Mobile               and               Cingular               (now               AT&T)               enabled               the               company               to               stay               competitive               by               offering               cheaper               packages               and               better               nationwide               coverage.
                   Lawrence               Sports               can               use               examples               from               the               wireless               industry               to               evaluate               how               they               distribute               their               products               as               well               as               how               they               interact               with               their               suppliers.

    In               some               situations,               it               is               imperative               to               diversify               distributors,               even               more               so               than               suppliers.

    Mayo               does               not               only               sell               Lawrence               Sports               products;               therefore,               the               financial               difficulties               of               Lawrence               Sports               do               not               affect               their               company               in               the               same               way               as               the               financial               difficulties               of               Mayo               impact               Lawrence               Sports.

    Additionally,               AT&T               tends               to               be               aggressive               with               working               capital               needs               and               discriminatory               with               credit.

    While               this               may               seem               unappealing               to               many               companies               who               deal               with               individuals,               it               enables               AT&T               to               acquire               quality               customers               who               are               more               likely               to               fulfill               debt               requirements               and               less               likely               to               be               sent               to               collections.
                   While               not               all               companies               deal               with               individuals,               they               all               use               credit               in               one               or               more               aspects               of               the               company               -               just               as               Lawrence               Sports'               does.

    Careful               consideration               of               a               companies'               financial               standing               allows               Lawrence               Sports'               to               evaluate               who               they               give               credit               too               and               an               aggressive               collection               policy               would               enable               the               company               to               avoid               future               issues               with               accounts               receivables               negatively               impacting               accounts               payable.

    Credit               management               is               essential               to               the               success               of               accounts               payable               and               receivable               as               well               as               how               well               a               company               can               acquire               additional               funds.

    Companies               operate               on               credit               when               selling               and               buying;               therefore,               careful               management               on               who               receives               credit               and               whom               credit               is               opened               with               will               determine               how               successful               a               company               is               in               collecting               receivables               and               how               successful               a               company               will               be               in               acquiring               best               rates               for               their               own               credit.
                   Diversity               to               increase               financial               stability
                   Kraft               has               always               endeavored               to               add               quality               food               products               to               their               line-up               to               increase               value               to               shareholders.

    However,               increased               diversity               also               increased               financial               instability               due               to               increased               costs               to               Kraft.

    Started               in               1903               as               a               cheese               company,               Kraft               became               part               of               a               larger               line-up               owned               by               Philip               Morris               Co.

    and               in               1990               Kraft               merged               with               General               Foods,               in               2000               with               Nabisco,               and               as               of               April               2nd               ,               20007,               became               an               independent               company               separated               from               Altria               (Philip               Morris)(About               Kraft,               n.d.).

    While               Altria               was               the               parent               company,               Kraft               countered               "slow               internal               growth"               with               acquisitions               to               increase               market               share               with               increased               product               lines               (Arndt,               2007,               para.

    8).

    In               an               effort               to               increase               shareholder               value,               Kraft               determined               that               inner               strategies               would               need               to               be               developed               which               would               not               include               acquisitions               as               a               primary               source               of               company               growth.

    The               new               process               included               a               cash               analysis               on               the               productivity               of               the               different               branded               products               carried               by               Kraft.
                   Recently               Kraft               has               announced               the               sale               of               their               cereal               brand,               Post,               to               Ralcorp               Holdings               Inc.

    (Stainburn,               2008).

    This               sale               is               a               good               match               because               Ralcorp               is               currently               selling               "35               knockoff               cereals"               and               will               now               be               able               to               sell               the               popular               Post               brands,               which               will               increase               market               share               and               competitive               value               against               companies               such               as               General               Mills               and               Kellogg               Co.

    (Stainburn,               2008,               para.

    2).

    Sale               of               Post               has               predicted               value               of               32%               revenue               for               Ralcorp,               which               still               enables               Kraft               shareholders               to               increase               value               because               it               "will               own               54%               of               the               new               Ralcorp"               (Stainburn,               2008,               para.

    6).

    These               changes               enabled               Kraft               to               restructure               working               capital               and               add               the               Post               brands               to               income               as               the               stock               in               Ralcorp               produces               income.
                   Lawrence               Sports               does               not               need               to               reduce               diversity               in               product               and               brand               availability;               rather,               they               would               benefit               from               performing               a               cash               analysis               to               determine               how               money               can               be               more               effectively               managed               to               accomplish               successful               working               capital               management.

    Many               companies               fail               to               properly               organize               working               capital               and               develop               effective               financial               planning;               therefore,               they               often               operate               in               the               "red"               or               are               not               prepared               for               unexpected               changes.

    Additionally,               companies               who               fail               to               meet               working               capital               requirements               may               increase               their               likelihood               for               employees               to               engage               in               unethical               behaviors,               or               for               the               company               to               be               placed               in               a               situation               where               their               treatment               of               other               companies               or               clients               could               be               unethical.
                   Ethical               Implications
                   Stakeholders               have               varying               needs               and               ethical               dilemmas.

    An               organization               needs               to               be               able               to               create               shareholder               value,               but               in               order               to               be               successful               in               the               future;               the               company               has               to               be               able               to               create               value               to               all               stakeholders.

    Stakeholders               have               power               of               a               firm               in               varying               ways.

    Employees               are               strong               stakeholders,               if               employees               are               unhappy               with               a               firm,               they               can               bring               work               to               a               halt.

    The               government               is               another               stakeholder,               which               a               company               must               strive               to               maintain               peace               with.

    Laws               require               a               clear               communication               with               the               governments               that               can               impact               the               business               atmosphere.

    There               are               often               many               different               stakeholders               -               shareholders,               consumers,               employees,               and               government               -               are               the               basic               stakeholders               that               nearly               every               business               answers               to.
                   Shareholders               and               stockholders               have               a               right               to               increased               value               in               their               share               of               the               company.

    Decreases               in               working               capital               or               increases               in               financial               debt               increases               risks               to               shareholders               that               the               company               will               go               bankrupt.

    In               the               case               with               Microsoft               and               Yahoo,               shareholders               may               be               currently               unhappy               with               Yahoo               because               the               interest               for               purchase               by               Microsoft               had               increased               the               value               of               their               stocks,               and               recently               their               stock               is               decreasing               in               value               after               Microsoft               removed               their               offer               (Paradis,               2008).

    Many               shareholders               had               viewed               the               possible               purchase               by               Microsoft               as               a               way               to               increase               the               value               of               Yahoo,               as               years               of               competition               seemed               to               be               taking               a               negative               toll               on               the               company.
                   Governments               have               a               right               to               maintain               peace               between               consumers               and               corporations.

    Governments               regulate               organizations               to               maintain               fair               play               in               markets,               as               well               as               monitor               the               interactions               with               consumers               to               ensure               they               are               also               fair               and               competitive.

    One               example               is               the               approval               for               communications               companies               to               merge               by               the               FCC               and               the               Department               of               Justice.

    This               was               the               case               when               AT&T               acquired               Dobson               Communications.

    They               were               required               to               submit               forms               to               both               agencies,               following               a               review               of               the               acquisition,               both               agencies               granted               approval               with               stipulations.

    One               stipulation               included               the               ability               to               maintain               competition               in               each               market               where               the               changes               would               occur               -               essential               to               maintain               fairness               to               consumers.
                   Employees               of               firms               may               not               want               the               dynamics               of               the               firm               to               change,               such               as               changes               to               operations               management,               moving               to               JIT               systems,               or               other               company               wide               changes               within               their               organization.

    Sometimes               organizations               ignore               the               needs               of               employees               as               secondary               issues;               however,               just               as               employees               have               a               personal               need               to               understand               their               value               within               the               company               they               cannot               be               successful               as               employees               if               changes               affecting               them               are               communicated.

    Finally,               organizations               have               a               personal               need               to               successfully               retain               employees               during               times               of               change               to               prevent               sudden               losses               of               production               or               mass               withdrawal               from               the               company.

    It               is               imperative               to               have               a               high               involvement               of               the               HR               Dept.

    during               times               of               imminent               changes.
                   Lawrence               Sports'               will               need               to               establish               how               they               will               handle               each               of               these               ethical               issues               early               on               in               the               project               to               prevent               both               added               expenses               as               well               as               severely               decreased               production               levels.

    Maintaining               strong               communication               channels               will               enable               the               company               to               work               through               problems               that               often               occur               early               on               during               these               types               of               projects.

    If               successfully               managed,               many               stakeholders               will               develop               an               even               stronger               loyalty               to               the               company               as               establishment               of               good               faith               is               a               strong               indicator               of               how               well               a               business               can               continue               growing               industry               standards.
                   Conclusion
                   Ultimately,               Lawrence               Sports'               has               relied               heavily               on               policies               that               address               a               permanent               solution               to               financial               changes               in               the               company               needs;               however,               it               does               not               address               the               changing               and               growing               needs.

    A               complete               business               plan               will               include               development               of               long-term               solutions,               which               address               the               growing               needs               of               the               company,               implementing               a               JIT               system,               which               focuses               on               prepared               changes               in               needs               as               the               company               seeks               out               diversification               in               distribution               options.

    Additionally,               growing               a               strong               credit               value               for               the               company               will               increase               value               to               suppliers               and               encourage               ethical               behavior.
                   A               successful               Current               Asset               Investment               Policy               is               detrimental               to               their               success               -               while               it               should               change               with               the               changing               company,               Lawrence               Sports'               would               currently               benefit               from               developing               a               Moderate               Current               Asset               Policy               and               moving               away               from               the               current               restricted               policy               until               they               are               able               to               find               additionally               distributors.

    Additionally,               the               aggressive               approach               to               Current               Asset               Financing               Policies               has               increased               debt               to               Lawrence               Sports'               and               developing               a               more               conservative               approach               could               increase               availability               of               working               capital               and               reduce               high               risk               from               unexpected               changes               in               revenue.

    Last               but               not               least,               using               productive               metrics               enables               a               company               to               carefully               monitor               the               changes               they               develop               as               well               as               be               able               to               quickly               respond               if               additional               changes               must               occur               or               if               one               change               has               lead               them               in               the               wrong               direction.
                   References:
                   About               Kraft,               History.

    (n.d.).

    Kraft.

    Retrieved               on               April               19,               2008,               from
                   http://www.kraft.com/About/history/
                   Arndt,               M.

    (2/12/2007).

    It               just               got               hotter               in               Kraft's               kitchen.

    Business               Week.

    Retrieved               on               April
                   19,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix,               Library,               EBSCO               Host.
                   Brealey,               R.,               Myers,               S.,               and               Allen,               F.

    (2005).

    Principles               of               Corporate               Finance.

    Retrieved               on               May               24,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix,               eResource.
                   Carpenter,               A.

    (n.d.).

    MBA               550               Resource               Optimization               Week               1,               PowerPoint               presentation.

    Retrieved               on               May               24,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix               rEsource.
                   Dobson,               AT&T               enter               agreement.

    (04/26/1999).

    RCR.

    Retrieved               on               April               19,               2008,               from
                   University               of               Phoenix               Library,               EBSCO               Host.
                   Encarta.

    (2008).

    Sympatic               MSN,               cash               conversion               cycle.

    Retrieved               on               May               24,               2008,               from               http://ca.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561546524_561546524/nextpage.html
                   Financing               Solutions.

    (2001).

    National               Bank               of               Canada.

    Retrieved               on               May               25,               2008,               from               http://www.nbc.ca/bnc/cda/content/0,1008,divId-2_langId-1_navCode-12927_navCodeExTh-4100,00.html
                   Investorwords.com.

    (n.d.).

    Retrieved               on               May               24,               2008,               from               http://www.investorwords.com/5334/working_capital.html
                   Lawrence               Sports'               Working               Capital               Policy               Template.

    (n.d.).

    Retrieved               on               June               06,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix,               rEsource.
                   Luna,               L.

    (12/15/1997).

    Dobson               aligns               with               AT&T               to               bring               TDMA               digital               to               its               network.

    RCR.
                   MBA/550               Theme               Week               1-3               Working               Capital               Mind               Map               Week               1.

    (n.d.).

    University               of               Phoenix,
                   rEsource.

    Retrieved               on               May               26,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix.
                   Paradis,               T.

    (May               5,               2008).

    Stocks               Down               After               Microsoft               Pulls               Yahoo               Bid.

    Time.

    Retrieved               on
                   May               7,               2008,               from               http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1737626,00.html
                   Rensselaer,               Dr.

    Kristy               Van.

    (n.d.).

    II.

    Working               Capital               Policy.

    The               University               of               North               Alabama.

    Retrieved               on               June               06,               2007,               from               http://www2.una.edu/kvrensselaer/FI%20393/working%20capital%20management.htm
                   Ross,               S.,               Westerfield,               J.,               &               Jaffe,               J.

    (2005).

    Corporate               Finance,               7e.

    Retrieved               on               April               11,               2008,
                   from               University               of               Phoenix,               eResource.
                   Schein,               J.

    (2004).

    Cash               Flow,               Profits               and               the               Cash               Conversion               Cycle.

    Spokane               Business               Directory.com.

    Retrieved               on               May               24,               2008,               from               http://www.spokanebusinessdirectory.com/fvcA2.html
                   Shaw,               J.

    (10/11/1999).

    BankAmerica               gets               mandate               from               AT&T,               Dobson.

    Bank               Loan               Report.
                   Retrieved               on               April               19,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix               Library,               EBSCO               Host.
                   Silva,               J.

    (11/5/2007).

    AT&T               Mobility/Dobson,               Alltel               deals               get               gov't               blessing.

    RCR               Wireless
                   News.

    Retrieved               on               April               19,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix               Library,               EBSCO               Host.
                   Stainburn,               S.

    (1/21/2008).

    Kraft               sheds               cereal               biz.

    Crain's               Chicago               Business.

    Retrieved               on               April
                   19,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix               Library,               EBSCO               Host.
                   Working               Capital               Management.

    (n.d.)               Retrieved               on               May               26th,               2008,               from               University               of               Phoenix
                   rEsource.






    Image of current assets ratio formula






    current assets ratio formula
    current assets ratio formula


    current assets ratio formula Image 1


    current assets ratio formula
    current assets ratio formula


    current assets ratio formula Image 2


    current assets ratio formula
    current assets ratio formula


    current assets ratio formula Image 3


    current assets ratio formula
    current assets ratio formula


    current assets ratio formula Image 4


    current assets ratio formula
    current assets ratio formula


    current assets ratio formula Image 5


  • Related blog with current assets ratio formula





    1. beginnersstockinvesting.blogspot.com/   09/23/2008
      ...acid test ratio or just acid ratio. This measure takes...most common representation of the formula is as follows: QR = (Current Assets - Inventory) / Current ...
    2. waelsasso.wordpress.com/   02/22/2010
      ...memorize Ratios Formula Yes No Use Fact Gross...Investment X 3 Return on Assets NI / Assets...X 4 Debt to Equity Ratio (Net gearing... X Current Ratio Current Assets...
    3. coveredwriter.blogspot.com/   08/14/2007
      ...meet operating needs without much trouble. The formula for Current Ratio is: Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities Quick Ratio Quick Ratio ...
    4. beginnersstockinvesting.blogspot.com/   03/21/2008
      ...the return on equity formula to start ...to earnings ratios and net current asset value as ways...a gearing ratio of 50% makes...
    5. twofistedslopper.blogspot.com/   07/15/2008
      ... about current ratio and the overall accounting equation of Assets = Liabilities...defense saves). The formula is RA/OPS and...
    6. www.freemoneyfinance.com/   02/08/2012
      ...the currency completely, price inflation greatly exceeded wage inflation, especially for assets. Per Capita GDP – the statistic nobody knows Per capita GDP is simply the...
    7. 10value10.blogspot.com/   03/03/2011
      ...to Greenblatt's Magic Formula measure, although ... from Assets, but there is...Total Assets - Current Liabilities...of these ratios in isolation. Every...
    8. yuvaenergy.wordpress.com/   05/31/2012
      ...Current Ratio:- The current ratio (or liquidity ratio) is a measure of financial strength. The number of times current assets exceed current liabilities...
    9. tradingwithfundamental.blogspot.com/   01/28/2012
      ...current assets - current liabilities) and net fixed assets. ROC = EBIT / (Net...the inverse of P / E ratio. Thus, a stock with... "Magic Formula" After calculating...
    10. politeia-dbase.blogspot.com/   05/05/2012
      ... Sunday on the amount and the interest-rate formula for a potential Greece bailout. One could say, loyal... in connection with the financial upheaval currently affecting Greece and Europe as a whole...



    Related Video with current assets ratio formula







    current assets ratio formula Video 1








    current assets ratio formula Video 2








    current assets ratio formula Video 3




    current assets ratio formula