About 'debt to worth ratio calculation'|Debt Rattle, May 31 2008: I used to be Snow White, but I drifted
Investors try and always have tried to achieve great returns on their investments. Some of the investors have better results than others and only a few manage to beat the market at least once in their career. However, there are a few investors among them that have managed to continuously show great returns on their investment decisions. This select elite of investors has continuously managed to beat the market, which has made them the center of attention in the investment world. Other investors, who try to find out the secret to their success, admire them. Some even glorify this select elite of investors. They call them for example 'superior' or 'money gurus'. The purpose of this article is to determine whether Warren E. Buffett really deserves the title of a 'superior investor'. For this purpose the study focuses on his investment strategies and investment performances. The investigation of the investment strategy aims to reveal the key to the individual investors success and to determine whether the investors indeed have a special 'superior' investment method. The investigation of the investment performance aims to show whether an investor has a continuous extremely successful investment record or if he only had a handful of investment decisions that showed great returns and made him famous. Warren E. Buffett was born on August 30th, 1930, in Omaha, Nebraska. Already as a child Buffett developed a mathematical talent and an interest in the stock market, because his father was a stockbroker. At age eleven he bought his first shares of stock, Cities Service Preferred. After Buffett graduated from the Columbia Graduate Business School in New York with a master's degree in economics, he worked with Harris Upham in Omaha. Invited by Graham himself, Buffett joined the Graham-Newman Corporation in 1954, but returned in 1956 to Omaha, where he opened up a limited investment partnership. Buffett also formed more partnerships, but in 1962 he combined all of them to one partnership. The office of this partnership was at Kiewit Plaza in Omaha Nebraska, which today is still Buffett's office. In 1962 Buffett obtained shares of Berkshire Hathaway in New Bedford, Massachusetts (at that time a textile company in difficulties). In 1969, Buffet dissolved the investment partnership and invested his share into Berkshire Hathaway. This investment gave him control of the company. Today, Berkshire Hathaway is successfully operating in different areas of business. Berkshire Hathaway owns businesses such as insurance companies, a newspaper, a candy company, a furniture store and a jewelry store, to name a few. (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994) Warren Buffett's investment strategy is mainly influenced by the investment philosophies of two people, Benjamin Graham and Philip Fisher. Buffett says of himself to be 15% Fisher and 85% Graham. Graham and Fisher differ in their approach to investment. Graham uses a quantitative approach, emphasizing factors that can be measured: fixed assets, current earnings, dividends, and annual reports. Fisher is a qualitative analyst. He emphasizes factors that increase the value of a company: future prospects and management capability. Buffett combined the investment philosophies of Fisher and Graham. He uses Fisher's approach in qualitatively understanding a business and its management and Graham's teachings for a quantative understanding of price and value. (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994) Buffett became interest in Benjamin Graham's investment theories after he read Graham's book "The Intelligent Investor." Buffett was so impressed that after his college graduation he decided to study at the Columbia Graduate Business School in New York, where Ben Graham was a professor. Graham became Buffett's mentor. Buffett learned from Graham the importance of understanding a company's intrinsic value, which is determined after a thorough analysis of the company. According to Graham, an investor should buy a company's share below its intrinsic value and then take advantage of the corrective forces of an inefficient market. Graham's three-step analysis of a company entails the gathering of information (descriptive phase), separation of biased from unbiased information to obtain a fair perspective (critical phase) and deciding whether to purchase the security (selective phase). Important is a company's future earnings power, which is an estimation of the earnings multiplied by an appropriate capitalization factor. This factor includes the stability of earnings, assets, dividend policy, and financial strength. Management capability and the nature of the business are also important for the analysis. Graham's approach to investment also includes diversification to reduce risk and a 'margin of safety'. The margin of safety accounts for a large enough spread between the price of a company and its intrinsic value. According to Graham, an investor should purchase a company for less than two-thirds of its net asset value and focus on low price-to-earning ratio stocks ("don't lose" philosophy). Graham also pointed out the importance to follow stock market fluctuations, because stocks have investment and speculative characteristics. Thus, an investor needs to stay away from speculation and stock purchases based on emotions. Speculators try to profit by anticipating price changes, while investors want to purchase companies at a reasonable price. Graham believed that a logical investor could benefit from the emotion-investors irrational behavior, because the rational investor thinks independently and does not blindly follow the crowd. (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994) Around 1965, Buffett learned that Graham's investment approach was not perfect. Some companies he invested in and that met Graham's qualifications, did not turn into profitable investments. In order to increase the price of the share, another investor needed to buy shares of the company, just to get the last profit out of the company ("cigar butt" approach to investing). This does not work in all cases. Buffett learned from these mistakes and started to alter his investment approach. He still treasures Graham's teachings, but around 1969 he began to implement Fisher's investment philosophy into his approach to investment. Buffet became interested in Fisher's investment philosophy after reading Fisher's book "Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits." Additionally, Buffett's friend Charles T. Munger was most fond of the Fisher approach to investment. Fisher's investment philosophy entails the investment in companies with above average potential and most capable management. He used a "point system" to identify companies that live up to his standards. This system ranked companies by business characteristics like continuous above-average growth of sales and profits and management characteristics like honesty, integrity, and the determination to develop new products as well as the ability to expertly market the company's products. To qualify as an investment the company needed a potential of future growth without the need for equity financing. According to Fisher it is important to find out as much as possible about a company. Thus, Fisher interviewed employees, customers, and suppliers of a company to find out its strength and weaknesses. Fisher also believed that an investor should only invest in companies which business he can understand. Otherwise the lack of experience with the business might lead to mistakes. Buffett learned from Fisher that the type of business invested in is important. Fisher also taught him not to overdiversify, because this causes loss of control over the investments. In implementing Fisher's philosophy, Buffett was able to make good long-term investments. (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994) Warren E. Buffett is a value investor. His investment strategy evolved over time, helping him to make better investment decisions. In the beginning, following Graham's investment theories, Buffett's limited investment partnership (formed in 1956) chose its investments on the basis of value and not popularity with an attempt to minimize permanent capital loss. The goal was to outperform the Dow by about ten percentage points annually. Buffett also began to buy controlling interests in public and private companies. This lead in 1965 to the control of Berkshire Hathaway by Buffett's investment partnership. In 1969, Buffet considered the market to be too speculative and the values he was looking for, hard to find, but he did not deviate from his investment beliefs. The elimination of the partnership in the same year enabled him to gain control of Berkshire Hathaway with the proceeds. In his attempt over the next twenty years to make profits in the textile business with the company, Buffett learned that corporate turnarounds are rarely successful. However, Berkshire Hathaway had purchased two insurance companies in 1967. These two investment vehicles helped Buffett to start the enormous success of the company. Buffett invested heavily into the insurance area in the 1970s. The company also acquired noninsurance business. When the insurance business became less profitable and insurance rates started to drop, Buffett decided to concentrate on the financial side and the portfolio of Berkshire Hathaway. The financial integrity that Berkshire Hathaway represents has created great trust among the company's shareholders, even though over the years even Buffett made insurance mistakes. In his investment approach Buffett follows a few but essential rules and steps. These rules and steps describe clearly the way Buffett thinks and invests. Buffett does not practice portfolio management in the traditional way. His approach begins with the determination of long-term characteristics of several businesses and the quality of their management. Then Buffett attempts to purchase a few of the very best businesses at reasonable prices. Buffett takes the perspective of a businessperson in his investment approach. He does not think in terms of market theories, macroeconomic concepts, or sectortrends. He is interested in how a business operates. Important is whether the business is simple and understandable, does have a consistent operating history and favorable long-term prospects. Berkshire Hathaway reflects Buffett's "down-to-earth way of looking at business." The company is organized according to Buffett's philosophies. Buffett understands that by owning shares of stock, he owns businesses. His mentality is reflected in the attitude of a business owner as opposed to a stockowner. (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994) Buffett feels that it is important to determine a company's intrinsic value and then to purchase the company's share for less than this intrinsic value. To be able to determine this intrinsic value, Buffett analyses a company completely. For this purpose he focuses on a few key factors that are important to determine the companies value. When Buffett considers an investment into a company he focuses on its sales, earnings, profit margins and capital reinvestment requirements. His focus is also on business fundamentals, management, and prices. The stock quotes for the company do not interest him. Buffett also is not concerned with General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) reported earnings. Berkshire Hathaway's value for example does not depend on the reported retained earnings of those companies that it has partial ownership of, but on how the retained earnings are reinvested and what that reinvestment produces in future earnings (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994). Additionally, Buffett is generally not interested in politics, monetary policy, unemployment figures, interest rates, or currency exchange rates as a basis for his investment decisions. But Buffett can get worried about inflation and how it could affect business returns. He believes that since there is no limit set for the government spending, the printing of money to support this spending will sooner or later increase inflation. Thus, Buffett considers budget deficit and trade deficit in his investment decision to determine the possible real return of the investment in question. He does not invest into companies that in the case of a high inflation might have problems. According to Buffett the companies that will have the lowest impact from inflation are those that have a great amount of economic goodwill. Economic goodwill is usually understood as the good reputation that a company has for its products. Thus, due to the economic goodwill a company can be worth more than value of its tangible and identifiable assets. The company can ask for premium prices and will produce high returns. Additionally, the value of economic goodwill seems to increase with inflation, because it is easier for a company with a good reputation for its product to raise its prices than for other companies (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994.) Buffett does not invest in companies that have difficult business problems or fundamentally change the direction of the company because of difficulties. He prefers companies that have been producing the same product or service for several years. After Buffett has determined a company's economic characteristics, he will investigate its competitive strengths and weaknesses (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994.) Buffett is skeptical of companies that need to buy growth, because growth often comes at an overvalued price. Buffett believes that money should be reinvested in the company. This is the reason why Berkshire Hathaway does not pay dividends (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994) In Berkshire Hathaway's annual reports Buffett includes earnings reports of each of Berkshire's businesses. He also includes additional information he finds important to demonstrate the company's economic performance (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994) Buffett is not interested in yearly results. He prefers four- or five-year averages. He believes that yearly results do not accurately reflect profitable business returns. Buffett focuses on return on equity, not earnings per share, 'owner earnings' to get a true reflection of value and high profit margins. For every dollar retained he requires that the company has created at least one dollar of market value. For the return on equity ratio Buffett excludes all capital gains and losses as well as any extraordinary items that may increase or decrease operating earnings. Under 'owner earnings' Buffett understands a company's net income plus depreciation, depletion, and amortization, less the amount of capital expenditures and amortization, less the amount of capital expenditures and any additional working capital that might be needed. Buffett knows owner earnings are not very precise, but he also thinks that accounting earnings are only useful to the analyst if they approximate the expected cash flow of the company. But even cash flow often misleads investors. Buffett is very sensitive about Berkshire's profit margins, because he wants to avoid costs and unnecessary expenses. He believes that for every dollar of sales, there is an appropriate level of expenses. Buffett believes that a company's business success will be reflected in an increased stock price. The increase should, at the very least, match the amount of retained earnings, dollar for dollar. (Buffett's quick test; Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994) Buffett borrows money in anticipation of using it farther down the road, rather than borrowing the money after a need is announced. However, Buffett acts only when he is reasonably confident the return of a future business will more than offset the expense of the debt. On the other hand, Buffett does not like business that achieves good returns on equity while employing debt to finance their operations. According to Buffet the value of a business is determined by the net cash flows expected to occur over the life of the business discounted at an appropriate interest rate. As the discount rate Buffett uses the rate of the long-term U.S. government bond. Buffett will not value a company, if he cannot project the future cash flows of a business with confidence. According to Buffett, value is the discounted present value of an investment's future cash flow: growth is simply a calculation used to determine value (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994.) The margin-of-safety principle is important for Buffett, because it protects him from downside price risk. Thus, if the calculated value of a business is only a little bit higher than its per share price, Buffett will buy the stock, because a wrong appraisal of the company could lead to a loss if the company's intrinsic value would drop below his purchasing price. Therefore, if the margin between the purchase price and the intrinsic value of the company is large enough, there is less risk of declining intrinsic value. The margin of safety also provides opportunities for extraordinary stock returns, because a correct appraisal of a company's intrinsic value will increase the values of the shares of stock in the long run, because they reflect the returns of the business (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994.) Invest in companies that have an international franchise and strong growth prospects. Buffett uses a relationship investing style. This means he provides a company with the capital, but then only monitors the company. Thus, the management can continue its corporate policies and does not have to worry about potential takeovers. Buffett does not want the company to change. In most cases, Buffett will assign voting rights of his shares to management, which sometimes earns him a place on a company's board of directors. Buffett looks for companies he understands, with favorable long-term prospects that are operated by honest, competent people and are available at attractive prices. Buffett likes managers who give honest reports on their company's financial performance. He likes people who are able to admit mistakes. Once Buffett has purchased a business, he wants the prior management to keep managing the company, except for the areas of capital allocation and compensation of top management, which he takes care off. The owners also can keep a small stake in the company, while Berkshire Hathaway obtains the majority to be able to consolidate earnings for tax purposes. Buffett prefers to own a company, because it allows him to influence capital allocation. There are advantages to not owning a company. The stock market provides more opportunities for finding bargains and there is a large selection of noncontrolled businesses available. He invests in companies that have an honest and competent management. He wants to be able to trust these people. Thus, the management in question needs to be rational, candid with the shareholders and be able to resist the institutional imperative. Buffett likes executives that buy their company's stocks, because this demonstrates interest in the company for the benefit of its owners. He resents managers, who follow the decisions of other managers, because they do not want to be embarrassed by the others ability to still produce quarterly gains, even though they are going downhill (institutional imperative). In evaluating a management's abilities measures like return on equity, cash flow, and operating margins can be used to judge economic performance (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994.) Buffett does not invest in a company, which business he does not understand. He admits he would be unable to understand the company well enough to make an informed judgment. Thus, Buffett has never owned a technology company. He also has not owned utility companies. He was never attracted to an industry where the profits were regulated. Buffett also does not purchase a business, when the decision to purchase it is not easy. He believes that only good businesses enable the investor to make an easy decision. Buffett believes that the more an investor understands his investment the greater will be his success. Buffett understands the revenues, expenses, cash flows, labor relations, pricing flexibility and capital-allocation needs of each of Berkshire's holdings. Buffett has the ability to buy a good business when everybody else does not think about buying it. This pessimism in the investment world causes low prices. Buffett likes to purchase these businesses, because of these low prices. According to Buffett, as long as an investor feels comfortable with the businesses he owns, he should use lower prices to add stocks more cheaply to his portfolio. Thus, when Buffett bought stock in General Foods and Coca-Cola in the 1980s, people found General Foods to be an uninteresting food company and Coca-Cola safe, conservative, but unappealing. But after Buffett's investment earnings exploded. Buffett found out early on that daily stock market quotes do not influence the long-term value of his stock holdings. Important is the economic progress of the businesses. Thus, over time the price of the shares of a company will reflect, whether a company's business is successful or not. However, over shorter periods, the price of stock will fluctuate around the business value of a company, which depends on investors' emotions not economics. Thus, Buffett does not predict short-term market movements. He believes that such a prediction is not possible. He believes that only the thorough evaluation of a company's economic fundamentals can lead to superior profits. He is a long-term investor who seeks out long-term prospects and invests accordingly. In his opinion, an investor should expect fluctuations in the stock market and learn to live with it. Buffett also does not believe that following the newest investment theories will give an investor a guarantee for success. Investors should stick with the basic fundamentals and forget about strategies like portfolio insurance (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994.) Buffett is a very inactive investor. He does not constantly buy or sell stocks. He believes that it is not wise to change a portfolio every day. He prefers to hold his outstanding businesses. Buffett believes that it is better for and investor to concentrate on finding a few spectacular investments rather than switching from one mediocre investment to another. Buffett's strategy to hold his investments on a long-time basis also has a financial advantage over short-term approaches. He does not have to pay tax on capital gains that often (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994.) Buffett will hold on to a security as long as he perceives the prospective return on equity capital of the underlying business as satisfactory, the management as competent and honest, and the market does not overvalue the business. On the other hand, Buffett will sell such a security to use the proceeds for the purchase of an even more or equally undervalued security with an underlying business that he understands better. However, there are common-stock positions that Buffett will not sell, even if the market will overvalue their stock. To be considered as a permanent holding by Buffett, a company must possess good economics and a good and trustworthy management, with which Buffett enjoys associating (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994.) Buffett not only buys common stocks, he also buys fixed-income securities for Berkshire's insurance companies. As fixed income securities, Buffett will consider short-term cash equivalents, medium-term fixed-income securities, long-term fixed-income securities and arbitrage positions. Buffett does not have a strong preference when it comes to investing in these different categories. He considers bonds to be a mediocre investment. Buffett chooses those investments that provide the highest after-tax return. Thus, Buffett has limited Berkshire's fixed-income securities to convertible bonds, convertible preferred stocks, and short-and intermediate-term bonds with sinking funds. Buffett has great financial requirements for bonds like a current interest rate return that approximates a business return and the possibility that the bond will post a capital gain. If Buffett has more cash than investable ideas, he sometimes turns to arbitrage. The requirements for such a situation are the likelihood that the arbitrage situation will occur, the length that the money will be tied up, the probability that there will be a better opportunity somewhere else and what will happen if the event does not take place. He limits his arbitrage strategies to announced and friendly deals. Regarding convertible preferred stocks Buffett thinks of them as fixed-income securities and as vehicles for appreciation. Buffett expects that the least Berkshire will receive from its convertible preferred stock investments is its money back plus dividends, but he also expect that the returns will outperform the results of most fixed-income portfolios. (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994) That Buffett completely commits to his investment strategy and still has success with it, can be seen in one of his latest coups, when he acquired 4,000 tons of silver for $650million between July 25, 1997 and January 12, 1998. Buffett saw an opportunity in the low silver price last summer and took advantage of it. Buffett knew that silver is used for things like jewelry, photographic supplies, batteries, and so on. Thus he saw an imbalance in demand and supply for silver, which led him to the conclusion, that the price of the silver is too low. Thus, the prospective of a future price increase made this an ideal investment situation for Buffett. And he was right. Since Buffett purchased it the price for silver increased dramatically (in March by 70%). Buffett's investment strategy still works today, even though it gets harder for him to find the really good investment opportunities in today's market. (Kadlec, Dan, Buffett's silver streak, Time, Feb. 16. 1998, pp. 63f) Buffett started a limited investment partnership in 1956 together with seven limited partners. These partners contributed $105,000 to the partnership, while Buffett as the general partner started with $100. This partnership never had a down year in the following thirteen years, even though the Dow Jones Industrial Average had a decline in five different years of the thirteen years. In fact, Buffett was able to compound money at an annual rate of 29.5% during these thirteen years. In 1965, the partnership had $26 million in assets. Buffett also did beat the Dow by twenty-tow percentage point in the years from 1957 to 1969 (Exhibit AI). Thus, by 1969 Buffett's share in the partnership amounted to $25 million. At the time that Buffett's partnership took control of Berkshire Hathaway in 1965, Berkshire Hathaway had $2.9 million in marketable securities, which Buffett managed to increase to $5.4 million after one year. The investment of $25 million gave him control of the company. Over the following twenty years, Buffett and Ken Chace tried fruitlessly to make the company profitable. Finally, in 1985, Buffett shut down the textile business of the company. Fortunately, in 1967, Berkshire Hathaway had obtained the outstanding stocks of the National Indemnity Company and the National Fire & Marine Insurance Company (two insurance companies). This transaction turned out to be the foundation for Berkshire Hathaway's future success. In the 1970s, Buffett purchased another three insurance companies. Additionally he coordinated five other insurance companies. Berkshire Hathaway also owns other lines of businesses. In all of these areas Berkshire Hathaway managed to be successful and prosper. In 1967, Berkshire Hathaway's experienced a return on investments that was three times as much as the return of its textile division. Additionally, the two insurance companies that Berkshire Hathaway obtained in 1967 had a portfolio of $31.9 million. Buffett managed to increase this amount to $42 million within two years. Today, Berkshire Hathaway has the second largest net worth in the property casualty industry, and its investment portfolio is three times the average in the industry compared to premium volume. Berkshire Hathaway's noninsurance business had combined sales of $2 billion in 1993, of which Berkshire itself received net after tax earnings in the amount of $176 million. This was 37% of the company's total operating earnings in that year. In 1965, Berkshire Hathaway's net worth was $22 million; in 1993 it was $10.4 billion. Buffett also managed to increase the company's book value per share from $19 in 1964 to $8,854 in 1993, a compounded annual rate of 23.3%. This is more than the 15% goal, that Buffett set himself and he did most often better than the S&P 500 (Exhibit AII). In fact, from 1965 to 1997 except for the years 1967, 1975 and 1980, Berkshire's per-share book value was better than the S&P 500 (Exhibit AIII). In the last ten years, even though there were declines and inclines, Berkshire's returns were increasingly better than those of the S&P 500 (Exhibit AIV). Compared to the DJIA, Berkshire also had better results (Exhibit AV). From a slight difference in the year 1988 compared to the S&P 500 and the DJIA, Berkshire managed to work its way up to a to a 1000 to 1500 % difference in 1997/98 in both cases. Buffett's investment strategy might be time-consuming, but the great deal of analysis he pursues allows him to make good investment decisions. His strong personality and the ability to make independent decisions as well as the ability to patiently wait on the results of his long-term investments are very important for his success. The performance of Buffett's early limited partnerships and later the performance of Berkshire Hathaway since 1965 are the manifestation of Buffett's success. He continuously increased Berkshire's wealth and value. Simultaneously he continuously managed to beat the market (S&P 500 and DJIA), with a steady increase in the difference of the returns. In fact, Berkshire's returns are much higher than those of the market. On a year-by-year basis, Berkshire's returns have at times been volatile. These swings in per-share value are due to changes in the stock market. The underlying stocks that Berkshire owns create these swings. Buffett might have made some wrong investment decisions in his career, but he always found a way out of his dilemma. The financial integrity that Berkshire Hathaway represents has created great trust in Buffett among the company's shareholders. Warren E. Buffett indeed is a 'superior investor'. (Hagstrom, Robert G., Jr., The Warren Buffett way: investment strategies of the world's greatest investor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1994) The results of the study confirm that Warren E. Buffett indeed deserves the title of being a 'superior investor'. He has a successful investment record and managed to beat the market most of the time during his career. However, strategy alone is not the key to his success. In fact, every investor could try to imitate his strategy, but might not be as successful. The study revealed, that the key to his success could be found in a rare but successful combination of personality characteristics and investment strategy. Without these personality features his individual investment approach would probably turn out to just be mediocre. He has key characteristics, which seem to be very important to become a 'superior' investor. The most important one of these characteristics is a very strong personality. He believes in himself and is very self-confident. In this manner he makes his investment decisions independently from everybody else's opinion. He knows it is not wise to follow blindly the rest of the investment world. Investors that make the same investment decisions end up with the same investment record. Thus, to distinguish himself and to be able to get better results than the others, an investor will have to take another path, make other decisions. This ability to make an own independent judgment is one of the key features that distinguish a superior investor from the rest of the investment world. Buffet's strong personality also allows him to stand by his investment decisions until the desired outcome is reached or it is clear that a mistake was made. He does not get nervous just because an investment does not show the desired results right away and nobody else seems to think the decision was a good idea. He is able to patiently wait on results. This patience is another ability that distinguishes a superior investor from others. |
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